@section Targets @strong{Description}@* Each port of BFD to a different machine requries the creation of a target back end. All the back end provides to the root part of BFD is a structure containing pointers to functions which perform certain low level operations on files. BFD translates the applications's requests through a pointer into calls to the back end routines. When a file is opened with @code{bfd_openr}, its format and target are unknown. BFD uses various mechanisms to determine how to interpret the file. The operations performed are: @itemize @bullet @item Create a BFD by calling the internal routine @code{_bfd_new_bfd}, then call @code{bfd_find_target} with the target string supplied to @code{bfd_openr} and the new BFD pointer. @item If a null target string was provided to @code{bfd_find_target}, look up the environment variable @code{GNUTARGET} and use that as the target string. @item If the target string is still @code{NULL}, or the target string is @code{default}, then use the first item in the target vector as the target type, and set @code{target_defaulted} in the BFD to cause @code{bfd_check_format} to loop through all the targets. @xref{bfd_target}. @xref{Formats}. @item Otherwise, inspect the elements in the target vector one by one, until a match on target name is found. When found, use it. @item Otherwise return the error @code{bfd_error_invalid_target} to @code{bfd_openr}. @item @code{bfd_openr} attempts to open the file using @code{bfd_open_file}, and returns the BFD. @end itemize Once the BFD has been opened and the target selected, the file format may be determined. This is done by calling @code{bfd_check_format} on the BFD with a suggested format. If @code{target_defaulted} has been set, each possible target type is tried to see if it recognizes the specified format. @code{bfd_check_format} returns @code{true} when the caller guesses right. @menu * bfd_target:: @end menu @node bfd_target, , Targets, Targets @subsection bfd_target @strong{Description}@* This structure contains everything that BFD knows about a target. It includes things like its byte order, name, and which routines to call to do various operations. Every BFD points to a target structure with its @code{xvec} member. The macros below are used to dispatch to functions through the @code{bfd_target} vector. They are used in a number of macros further down in @file{bfd.h}, and are also used when calling various routines by hand inside the BFD implementation. The @var{arglist} argument must be parenthesized; it contains all the arguments to the called function. They make the documentation (more) unpleasant to read, so if someone wants to fix this and not break the above, please do. @example #define BFD_SEND(bfd, message, arglist) \ ((*((bfd)->xvec->message)) arglist) #ifdef DEBUG_BFD_SEND #undef BFD_SEND #define BFD_SEND(bfd, message, arglist) \ (((bfd) && (bfd)->xvec && (bfd)->xvec->message) ? \ ((*((bfd)->xvec->message)) arglist) : \ (bfd_assert (__FILE__,__LINE__), NULL)) #endif @end example For operations which index on the BFD format: @example #define BFD_SEND_FMT(bfd, message, arglist) \ (((bfd)->xvec->message[(int) ((bfd)->format)]) arglist) #ifdef DEBUG_BFD_SEND #undef BFD_SEND_FMT #define BFD_SEND_FMT(bfd, message, arglist) \ (((bfd) && (bfd)->xvec && (bfd)->xvec->message) ? \ (((bfd)->xvec->message[(int) ((bfd)->format)]) arglist) : \ (bfd_assert (__FILE__,__LINE__), NULL)) #endif @end example This is the structure which defines the type of BFD this is. The @code{xvec} member of the struct @code{bfd} itself points here. Each module that implements access to a different target under BFD, defines one of these. FIXME, these names should be rationalised with the names of the entry points which call them. Too bad we can't have one macro to define them both! @example enum bfd_flavour @{ bfd_target_unknown_flavour, bfd_target_aout_flavour, bfd_target_coff_flavour, bfd_target_ecoff_flavour, bfd_target_xcoff_flavour, bfd_target_elf_flavour, bfd_target_ieee_flavour, bfd_target_nlm_flavour, bfd_target_oasys_flavour, bfd_target_tekhex_flavour, bfd_target_srec_flavour, bfd_target_ihex_flavour, bfd_target_som_flavour, bfd_target_os9k_flavour, bfd_target_versados_flavour, bfd_target_msdos_flavour, bfd_target_ovax_flavour, bfd_target_evax_flavour, bfd_target_mmo_flavour @}; enum bfd_endian @{ BFD_ENDIAN_BIG, BFD_ENDIAN_LITTLE, BFD_ENDIAN_UNKNOWN @}; /* Forward declaration. */ typedef struct bfd_link_info _bfd_link_info; typedef struct bfd_target @{ /* Identifies the kind of target, e.g., SunOS4, Ultrix, etc. */ char *name; /* The "flavour" of a back end is a general indication about the contents of a file. */ enum bfd_flavour flavour; /* The order of bytes within the data area of a file. */ enum bfd_endian byteorder; /* The order of bytes within the header parts of a file. */ enum bfd_endian header_byteorder; /* A mask of all the flags which an executable may have set - from the set @code{BFD_NO_FLAGS}, @code{HAS_RELOC}, ...@code{D_PAGED}. */ flagword object_flags; /* A mask of all the flags which a section may have set - from the set @code{SEC_NO_FLAGS}, @code{SEC_ALLOC}, ...@code{SET_NEVER_LOAD}. */ flagword section_flags; /* The character normally found at the front of a symbol. (if any), perhaps `_'. */ char symbol_leading_char; /* The pad character for file names within an archive header. */ char ar_pad_char; /* The maximum number of characters in an archive header. */ unsigned short ar_max_namelen; /* Entries for byte swapping for data. These are different from the other entry points, since they don't take a BFD asthe first argument. Certain other handlers could do the same. */ bfd_vma (*bfd_getx64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_putx64) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); bfd_vma (*bfd_getx32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_putx32) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); bfd_vma (*bfd_getx16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_putx16) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); /* Byte swapping for the headers. */ bfd_vma (*bfd_h_getx64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_h_putx64) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); bfd_vma (*bfd_h_getx32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_h_putx32) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); bfd_vma (*bfd_h_getx16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *)); void (*bfd_h_putx16) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *)); /* Format dependent routines: these are vectors of entry points within the target vector structure, one for each format to check. */ /* Check the format of a file being read. Return a @code{bfd_target *} or zero. */ const struct bfd_target *(*_bfd_check_format[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Set the format of a file being written. */ boolean (*_bfd_set_format[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Write cached information into a file being written, at @code{bfd_close}. */ boolean (*_bfd_write_contents[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *)); @end example The general target vector. These vectors are initialized using the BFD_JUMP_TABLE macros. @example /* Generic entry points. */ @end example Do not "beautify" the CONCAT* macro args. Traditional C will not remove whitespace added here, and thus will fail to concatenate the tokens. @example #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_GENERIC(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_close_and_cleanup), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_free_cached_info), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_new_section_hook), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_section_contents), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_section_contents_in_window) /* Called when the BFD is being closed to do any necessary cleanup. */ boolean (*_close_and_cleanup) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Ask the BFD to free all cached information. */ boolean (*_bfd_free_cached_info) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Called when a new section is created. */ boolean (*_new_section_hook) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr)); /* Read the contents of a section. */ boolean (*_bfd_get_section_contents) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, PTR, file_ptr, bfd_size_type)); boolean (*_bfd_get_section_contents_in_window) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, bfd_window *, file_ptr, bfd_size_type)); /* Entry points to copy private data. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_COPY(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_bfd_data), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_merge_private_bfd_data), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_section_data), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_symbol_data), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_set_private_flags), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_print_private_bfd_data) \ /* Called to copy BFD general private data from one object file to another. */ boolean (*_bfd_copy_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *)); /* Called to merge BFD general private data from one object file to a common output file when linking. */ boolean (*_bfd_merge_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *)); /* Called to copy BFD private section data from one object file to another. */ boolean (*_bfd_copy_private_section_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, bfd *, sec_ptr)); /* Called to copy BFD private symbol data from one symbol to another. */ boolean (*_bfd_copy_private_symbol_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, asymbol *, bfd *, asymbol *)); /* Called to set private backend flags. */ boolean (*_bfd_set_private_flags) PARAMS ((bfd *, flagword)); /* Called to print private BFD data. */ boolean (*_bfd_print_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR)); /* Core file entry points. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_CORE(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_failing_command), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_failing_signal), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_matches_executable_p) char * (*_core_file_failing_command) PARAMS ((bfd *)); int (*_core_file_failing_signal) PARAMS ((bfd *)); boolean (*_core_file_matches_executable_p) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *)); /* Archive entry points. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_ARCHIVE(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_slurp_armap), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_slurp_extended_name_table), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_construct_extended_name_table), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_truncate_arname), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_write_armap), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_read_ar_hdr), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_openr_next_archived_file), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_elt_at_index), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_generic_stat_arch_elt), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_update_armap_timestamp) boolean (*_bfd_slurp_armap) PARAMS ((bfd *)); boolean (*_bfd_slurp_extended_name_table) PARAMS ((bfd *)); boolean (*_bfd_construct_extended_name_table) PARAMS ((bfd *, char **, bfd_size_type *, const char **)); void (*_bfd_truncate_arname) PARAMS ((bfd *, const char *, char *)); boolean (*write_armap) PARAMS ((bfd *, unsigned int, struct orl *, unsigned int, int)); PTR (*_bfd_read_ar_hdr_fn) PARAMS ((bfd *)); bfd * (*openr_next_archived_file) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *)); #define bfd_get_elt_at_index(b,i) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_get_elt_at_index, (b,i)) bfd * (*_bfd_get_elt_at_index) PARAMS ((bfd *, symindex)); int (*_bfd_stat_arch_elt) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct stat *)); boolean (*_bfd_update_armap_timestamp) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Entry points used for symbols. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_SYMBOLS(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symtab_upper_bound), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symtab), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_make_empty_symbol), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_print_symbol), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symbol_info), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_is_local_label_name), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_lineno), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_find_nearest_line), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_make_debug_symbol), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_read_minisymbols), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_minisymbol_to_symbol) long (*_bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *)); long (*_bfd_canonicalize_symtab) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry **)); struct symbol_cache_entry * (*_bfd_make_empty_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *)); void (*_bfd_print_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, struct symbol_cache_entry *, bfd_print_symbol_type)); #define bfd_print_symbol(b,p,s,e) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_print_symbol, (b,p,s,e)) void (*_bfd_get_symbol_info) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry *, symbol_info *)); #define bfd_get_symbol_info(b,p,e) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_get_symbol_info, (b,p,e)) boolean (*_bfd_is_local_label_name) PARAMS ((bfd *, const char *)); alent * (*_get_lineno) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry *)); boolean (*_bfd_find_nearest_line) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *, struct symbol_cache_entry **, bfd_vma, const char **, const char **, unsigned int *)); /* Back-door to allow format-aware applications to create debug symbols while using BFD for everything else. Currently used by the assembler when creating COFF files. */ asymbol *(*_bfd_make_debug_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, void *, unsigned long size)); #define bfd_read_minisymbols(b, d, m, s) \ BFD_SEND (b, _read_minisymbols, (b, d, m, s)) long (*_read_minisymbols) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean, PTR *, unsigned int *)); #define bfd_minisymbol_to_symbol(b, d, m, f) \ BFD_SEND (b, _minisymbol_to_symbol, (b, d, m, f)) asymbol *(*_minisymbol_to_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean, const PTR, asymbol *)); /* Routines for relocs. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_RELOCS(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_reloc_upper_bound), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_reloc), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_reloc_type_lookup) long (*_get_reloc_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr)); long (*_bfd_canonicalize_reloc) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, arelent **, struct symbol_cache_entry **)); /* See documentation on reloc types. */ reloc_howto_type * (*reloc_type_lookup) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd_reloc_code_real_type)); /* Routines used when writing an object file. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_WRITE(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_set_arch_mach), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_set_section_contents) boolean (*_bfd_set_arch_mach) PARAMS ((bfd *, enum bfd_architecture, unsigned long)); boolean (*_bfd_set_section_contents) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, PTR, file_ptr, bfd_size_type)); /* Routines used by the linker. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_LINK(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_sizeof_headers), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_get_relocated_section_contents), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_relax_section), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_hash_table_create), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_add_symbols), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_final_link), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_split_section), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_gc_sections), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_merge_sections) int (*_bfd_sizeof_headers) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean)); bfd_byte *(*_bfd_get_relocated_section_contents) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, struct bfd_link_order *, bfd_byte *, boolean, struct symbol_cache_entry **)); boolean (*_bfd_relax_section) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *, struct bfd_link_info *, boolean *)); /* Create a hash table for the linker. Different backends store different information in this table. */ struct bfd_link_hash_table *(*_bfd_link_hash_table_create) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Add symbols from this object file into the hash table. */ boolean (*_bfd_link_add_symbols) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *)); /* Do a link based on the link_order structures attached to each section of the BFD. */ boolean (*_bfd_final_link) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *)); /* Should this section be split up into smaller pieces during linking. */ boolean (*_bfd_link_split_section) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *)); /* Remove sections that are not referenced from the output. */ boolean (*_bfd_gc_sections) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *)); /* Attempt to merge SEC_MERGE sections. */ boolean (*_bfd_merge_sections) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *)); /* Routines to handle dynamic symbols and relocs. */ #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_DYNAMIC(NAME) \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound), \ CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc) /* Get the amount of memory required to hold the dynamic symbols. */ long (*_bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Read in the dynamic symbols. */ long (*_bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry **)); /* Get the amount of memory required to hold the dynamic relocs. */ long (*_bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *)); /* Read in the dynamic relocs. */ long (*_bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc) PARAMS ((bfd *, arelent **, struct symbol_cache_entry **)); @end example A pointer to an alternative bfd_target in case the current one is not satisfactory. This can happen when the target cpu supports both big and little endian code, and target chosen by the linker has the wrong endianness. The function open_output() in ld/ldlang.c uses this field to find an alternative output format that is suitable. @example /* Opposite endian version of this target. */ const struct bfd_target * alternative_target; /* Data for use by back-end routines, which isn't generic enough to belong in this structure. */ PTR backend_data; @} bfd_target; @end example @findex bfd_set_default_target @subsubsection @code{bfd_set_default_target} @strong{Synopsis} @example boolean bfd_set_default_target (const char *name); @end example @strong{Description}@* Set the default target vector to use when recognizing a BFD. This takes the name of the target, which may be a BFD target name or a configuration triplet. @findex bfd_find_target @subsubsection @code{bfd_find_target} @strong{Synopsis} @example const bfd_target *bfd_find_target(const char *target_name, bfd *abfd); @end example @strong{Description}@* Return a pointer to the transfer vector for the object target named @var{target_name}. If @var{target_name} is @code{NULL}, choose the one in the environment variable @code{GNUTARGET}; if that is null or not defined, then choose the first entry in the target list. Passing in the string "default" or setting the environment variable to "default" will cause the first entry in the target list to be returned, and "target_defaulted" will be set in the BFD. This causes @code{bfd_check_format} to loop over all the targets to find the one that matches the file being read. @findex bfd_target_list @subsubsection @code{bfd_target_list} @strong{Synopsis} @example const char **bfd_target_list(void); @end example @strong{Description}@* Return a freshly malloced NULL-terminated vector of the names of all the valid BFD targets. Do not modify the names. @findex bfd_seach_for_target @subsubsection @code{bfd_seach_for_target} @strong{Synopsis} @example const bfd_target * bfd_search_for_target (int (* search_func) (const bfd_target *, void *), void *); @end example @strong{Description}@* Return a pointer to the first transfer vector in the list of transfer vectors maintained by BFD that produces a non-zero result when passed to the function @var{search_func}. The parameter @var{data} is passed, unexamined, to the search function.