.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Gordon W. Ross, Theo de Raadt .\" Updated by Luigi Rizzo .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products .\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man8/diskless.8,v 1.6.2.9 2003/01/25 18:56:44 dillon Exp $ .\" .Dd February 19, 2008 .Dt DISKLESS 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm diskless .Nd booting a system over the network .Sh DESCRIPTION The ability to boot a machine over the network is useful for .Em diskless or .Em dataless machines, or as a temporary measure while repairing or re-installing filesystems on a local disk. This file provides a general description of the interactions between a client and its server when a client is booting over the network. .Sh OPERATION When booting a system over the network, there are three phases of interaction between client and server: .Pp .Bl -enum -compact .It The stage-1 bootstrap loads a boot program, from .It The boot program loads a kernel. .It The kernel does NFS mounts for root. .El .Pp Each of these phases are described in further detail below. .Pp In phase 1, the stage-1 bootstrap code loads a boot program, which is typically able to control the network card. The boot program can be stored in the BIOS, in a BOOT ROM located on the network card (PXE, etherboot, netboot), or come from a disk unit (e.g. etherboot or netboot). .Pp In phase 2, the boot program loads a kernel. Operation in this phase depends on the design of the boot program. Typically, the boot program uses the .Tn BOOTP or .Tn DHCP protocol to get the client's IP address and other boot information, including but not limited to the IP addresses of the NFS server, router and nameserver, and the name of the kernel to load. Then the kernel is loaded, either directly using NFS (as it is the case for etherboot and netboot), or through an intermediate loader called pxeboot and loaded using TFTP or NFS. .Pp In phase 3, the kernel again uses DHCP or BOOTP to acquire configuration information, and proceeds to mount the root filesystem and start operation. The boot scripts recognize a diskless startup and perform the actions found in .Pa /etc/rc.d/initdiskless and .Pa /etc/rc.d/diskless . .Sh CONFIGURATION In order to run a diskless client, you need the following: .Bl -bullet .It An NFS server which exports a root and /usr partition with appropriate permissions. The diskless scripts work with readonly partitions, as long as root is exported with .Fl maproot Ns =0 so that some system files can be accessed. As an example, .Pa /etc/exports can contain the following lines: .Bd -literal -offset indent -ro -maproot=0 -alldirs /usr -ro -alldirs .Ed .Pp where .Aq ROOT is the mountpoint on the server of the root partition. The script .Pa /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root can be used to create a shared readonly root partition, but in many cases you may decide to export (again as readonly) the root directory used by the server itself. .It a .Tn BOOTP or .Tn DHCP server. .Xr bootpd 8 can be enabled by uncommenting the .Em bootps line in .Pa /etc/inetd.conf . A sample .Pa /etc/bootptab can be the following: .Bd -literal -offset indent .default:\\ hn:ht=1:vm=rfc1048:\\ :sm=255.255.255.0:\\ :sa=:\\ :gw=:\\ :rp=":": :ha=0123456789ab:tc=.default .Ed .Pp where .Aq SERVER , .Aq GATEWAY and .Aq ROOT have the obvious meanings. .It A properly initialized root partition. The script .Pa /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root can help in creating it, using the server's root partition as a reference. If you are just starting out you should simply use the server's own root directory, .Pa / , and not try to clone it. .Pp You often do not want to use the same .Pa rc.conf or .Pa rc.local files for the diskless boot as you do on the server. The diskless boot scripts provide a mechanism through which you can override various files in .Pa /etc (as well as other subdirectories of root). The scripts provide four overriding directories situated in .Pa /conf/base , .Pa /conf/default , .Pa /conf/ , and .Pa /conf/ . You should always create .Pa /conf/base/etc , which will entirely replace the server's .Pa /etc on the diskless machine. You can clone the server's .Pa /etc here or you can create a special file which tells the diskless boot scripts to remount the server's .Pa /etc onto .Pa /conf/base/etc . You do this by creating the file .Pa /conf/base/etc/diskless_remount containing the mount point to use as a basis of the diskless machine's .Pa /etc . For example, the file might contain: .Bd -literal -offset 4n 10.0.0.1:/etc .Ed .Pp The diskless scripts create memory filesystems to hold the overridden directories. Only a 2MB partition is created by default, which may not be sufficient for your purposes. To override this you can create the file .Pa /conf/base/etc/md_size containing the size, in 512 byte sectors, of the memory disk to create for that directory. .Pp You then typically provide file-by-file overrides in the .Pa /conf/default/etc directory. At a minimum you must provides overrides for .Pa /etc/fstab , .Pa /etc/rc.conf , and .Pa /etc/rc.local via .Pa /conf/default/etc/fstab , .Pa /conf/default/etc/rc.conf , and .Pa /conf/default/etc/rc.local . .Pp Overrides are hierarchical. You can supply network-specific defaults in the .Pa /conf//etc directory, where represents the broadcast IP address of the diskless system as given to it via .Tn BOOTP . The .Pa diskless_remount and .Pa md_size features work in any of these directories. The configuration feature works on directories other than .Pa /etc , you simply create the directory you wish to replace or override in .Pa /conf/{base,default,,}/* and work it in the same way that you work .Pa /etc . .Pp As a minimum, you normally need to have the following in .Pa /conf/default/etc/fstab .Bd -literal -offset indent : / nfs ro 0 0 :/usr /usr nfs ro 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 .Ed .Pp You also need to create a customized version of .Pa /conf/default/etc/rc.conf which should contain the startup options for the diskless client, and .Pa /conf/default/etc/rc.local which could be empty but prevents the server's own .Pa /etc/rc.local from leaking onto the diskless system. .Pp In .Pa rc.conf , most likely you will not need to set .Va hostname and .Va ifconfig_* because these will be already set by the startup code. Finally, it might be convenient to use a .Ic case statement using .Li `hostname` as the switch variable to do machine-specific configuration in case a number of diskless clients share the same configuration files. .It The kernel for the diskless clients, which will be loaded using NFS or TFTP, should be built with at least the following options: .Pp .D1 Cd options MFS .D1 Cd options BOOTP .D1 Cd options BOOTP_NFSROOT .D1 Cd options BOOTP_COMPAT .Pp If you use the firewall, remember to default to open or your kernel will not be able to send/receive the bootp packets. .El .Sh SECURITY ISSUES Be warned that using unencrypted NFS to mount root and user partitions may expose information such as encryption keys. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root -compact .It Pa /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root script to clone root filesystem .It Pa /conf/base 1st override .It Pa /conf/default 2nd override .It Pa /conf/ 3rd override .It Pa /conf/ 4th override .It Pa /conf/{base,default,,}/ override for .Pa / .It Pa /conf/{base,default,,}//md_size size of memory disk for .Pa / .It Pa /conf/{base,default,,}//diskless_remount path to mount on .Pa / .It Pa /conf/{base,default,,}/.cpio.gz archive to unpack to .Pa / .It Pa /conf/{base,default,,}/.remove files to remove from .Pa / .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr bootptab 5 , .Xr ethers 5 , .Xr exports 5 , .Xr rc.conf 5 , .Xr bootpd 8 , .Xr dhcpd 8 Pq Pa net/isc-dhcp42-server , .Xr mountd 8 , .Xr nfsd 8 , .Xr pxeboot 8 , .Xr rc 8 , .Xr reboot 8 , .Xr tftpd 8 .Sh BUGS This manpage is probably incomplete. .Pp .Dx sometimes requires to write onto the root partition, so the startup scripts mount MFS filesystems on some locations (e.g.\& .Pa /etc and .Pa /var ) , while trying to preserve the original content. The process might not handle all cases.