1 /* $OpenBSD: sshconnect1.c,v 1.78 2015/11/15 22:26:49 jcs Exp $ */
3 * Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
4 * Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
6 * Code to connect to a remote host, and to perform the client side of the
7 * login (authentication) dialog.
9 * As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
10 * can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
11 * software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
12 * incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
13 * called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
20 #include <sys/types.h>
21 #include <sys/socket.h>
23 #include <openssl/bn.h>
47 #include "sshconnect.h"
55 /* Session id for the current session. */
56 u_char session_id[16];
57 u_int supported_authentications = 0;
59 extern Options options;
60 extern char *__progname;
63 * Checks if the user has an authentication agent, and if so, tries to
64 * authenticate using the agent.
67 try_agent_authentication(void)
69 int r, type, agent_fd, ret = 0;
73 struct ssh_identitylist *idlist = NULL;
75 /* Get connection to the agent. */
76 if ((r = ssh_get_authentication_socket(&agent_fd)) != 0) {
77 if (r != SSH_ERR_AGENT_NOT_PRESENT)
78 debug("%s: ssh_get_authentication_socket: %s",
79 __func__, ssh_err(r));
83 if ((challenge = BN_new()) == NULL)
84 fatal("try_agent_authentication: BN_new failed");
86 /* Loop through identities served by the agent. */
87 if ((r = ssh_fetch_identitylist(agent_fd, 1, &idlist)) != 0) {
88 if (r != SSH_ERR_AGENT_NO_IDENTITIES)
89 debug("%s: ssh_fetch_identitylist: %s",
90 __func__, ssh_err(r));
93 for (i = 0; i < idlist->nkeys; i++) {
94 /* Try this identity. */
95 debug("Trying RSA authentication via agent with '%.100s'",
98 /* Tell the server that we are willing to authenticate using this key. */
99 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RSA);
100 packet_put_bignum(idlist->keys[i]->rsa->n);
104 /* Wait for server's response. */
105 type = packet_read();
107 /* The server sends failure if it doesn't like our key or
108 does not support RSA authentication. */
109 if (type == SSH_SMSG_FAILURE) {
110 debug("Server refused our key.");
113 /* Otherwise it should have sent a challenge. */
114 if (type != SSH_SMSG_AUTH_RSA_CHALLENGE)
115 packet_disconnect("Protocol error during RSA authentication: %d",
118 packet_get_bignum(challenge);
121 debug("Received RSA challenge from server.");
123 /* Ask the agent to decrypt the challenge. */
124 if ((r = ssh_decrypt_challenge(agent_fd, idlist->keys[i],
125 challenge, session_id, response)) != 0) {
127 * The agent failed to authenticate this identifier
128 * although it advertised it supports this. Just
129 * return a wrong value.
131 logit("Authentication agent failed to decrypt "
132 "challenge: %s", ssh_err(r));
133 explicit_bzero(response, sizeof(response));
135 debug("Sending response to RSA challenge.");
137 /* Send the decrypted challenge back to the server. */
138 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RSA_RESPONSE);
139 for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
140 packet_put_char(response[i]);
144 /* Wait for response from the server. */
145 type = packet_read();
148 * The server returns success if it accepted the
151 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS) {
152 debug("RSA authentication accepted by server.");
155 } else if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
156 packet_disconnect("Protocol error waiting RSA auth "
157 "response: %d", type);
160 debug("RSA authentication using agent refused.");
162 ssh_free_identitylist(idlist);
163 ssh_close_authentication_socket(agent_fd);
164 BN_clear_free(challenge);
169 * Computes the proper response to a RSA challenge, and sends the response to
173 respond_to_rsa_challenge(BIGNUM * challenge, RSA * prv)
175 u_char buf[32], response[16];
176 struct ssh_digest_ctx *md;
179 /* Decrypt the challenge using the private key. */
180 /* XXX think about Bleichenbacher, too */
181 if (rsa_private_decrypt(challenge, challenge, prv) != 0)
183 "respond_to_rsa_challenge: rsa_private_decrypt failed");
185 /* Compute the response. */
186 /* The response is MD5 of decrypted challenge plus session id. */
187 len = BN_num_bytes(challenge);
188 if (len <= 0 || (u_int)len > sizeof(buf))
190 "respond_to_rsa_challenge: bad challenge length %d", len);
192 memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
193 BN_bn2bin(challenge, buf + sizeof(buf) - len);
194 if ((md = ssh_digest_start(SSH_DIGEST_MD5)) == NULL ||
195 ssh_digest_update(md, buf, 32) < 0 ||
196 ssh_digest_update(md, session_id, 16) < 0 ||
197 ssh_digest_final(md, response, sizeof(response)) < 0)
198 fatal("%s: md5 failed", __func__);
201 debug("Sending response to host key RSA challenge.");
203 /* Send the response back to the server. */
204 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RSA_RESPONSE);
205 for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
206 packet_put_char(response[i]);
210 explicit_bzero(buf, sizeof(buf));
211 explicit_bzero(response, sizeof(response));
212 explicit_bzero(&md, sizeof(md));
216 * Checks if the user has authentication file, and if so, tries to authenticate
220 try_rsa_authentication(int idx)
223 Key *public, *private;
224 char buf[300], *passphrase = NULL, *comment, *authfile;
225 int i, perm_ok = 1, type, quit;
227 public = options.identity_keys[idx];
228 authfile = options.identity_files[idx];
229 comment = xstrdup(authfile);
231 debug("Trying RSA authentication with key '%.100s'", comment);
233 /* Tell the server that we are willing to authenticate using this key. */
234 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RSA);
235 packet_put_bignum(public->rsa->n);
239 /* Wait for server's response. */
240 type = packet_read();
243 * The server responds with failure if it doesn't like our key or
244 * doesn't support RSA authentication.
246 if (type == SSH_SMSG_FAILURE) {
247 debug("Server refused our key.");
251 /* Otherwise, the server should respond with a challenge. */
252 if (type != SSH_SMSG_AUTH_RSA_CHALLENGE)
253 packet_disconnect("Protocol error during RSA authentication: %d", type);
255 /* Get the challenge from the packet. */
256 if ((challenge = BN_new()) == NULL)
257 fatal("try_rsa_authentication: BN_new failed");
258 packet_get_bignum(challenge);
261 debug("Received RSA challenge from server.");
264 * If the key is not stored in external hardware, we have to
265 * load the private key. Try first with empty passphrase; if it
266 * fails, ask for a passphrase.
268 if (public->flags & SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT)
271 private = key_load_private_type(KEY_RSA1, authfile, "", NULL,
273 if (private == NULL && !options.batch_mode && perm_ok) {
274 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
275 "Enter passphrase for RSA key '%.100s': ", comment);
276 for (i = 0; i < options.number_of_password_prompts; i++) {
277 passphrase = read_passphrase(buf, 0);
278 if (strcmp(passphrase, "") != 0) {
279 private = key_load_private_type(KEY_RSA1,
280 authfile, passphrase, NULL, NULL);
283 debug2("no passphrase given, try next key");
286 if (private != NULL || quit)
288 debug2("bad passphrase given, try again...");
293 maybe_add_key_to_agent(authfile, private, comment, passphrase);
295 if (passphrase != NULL) {
296 explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
300 /* We no longer need the comment. */
303 if (private == NULL) {
304 if (!options.batch_mode && perm_ok)
305 error("Bad passphrase.");
307 /* Send a dummy response packet to avoid protocol error. */
308 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RSA_RESPONSE);
309 for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
314 /* Expect the server to reject it... */
315 packet_read_expect(SSH_SMSG_FAILURE);
316 BN_clear_free(challenge);
320 /* Compute and send a response to the challenge. */
321 respond_to_rsa_challenge(challenge, private->rsa);
323 /* Destroy the private key unless it in external hardware. */
324 if (!(private->flags & SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT))
327 /* We no longer need the challenge. */
328 BN_clear_free(challenge);
330 /* Wait for response from the server. */
331 type = packet_read();
332 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS) {
333 debug("RSA authentication accepted by server.");
336 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
337 packet_disconnect("Protocol error waiting RSA auth response: %d", type);
338 debug("RSA authentication refused.");
343 * Tries to authenticate the user using combined rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv
344 * authentication and RSA host authentication.
347 try_rhosts_rsa_authentication(const char *local_user, Key * host_key)
352 debug("Trying rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv with RSA host authentication.");
354 /* Tell the server that we are willing to authenticate using this key. */
355 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_RHOSTS_RSA);
356 packet_put_cstring(local_user);
357 packet_put_int(BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n));
358 packet_put_bignum(host_key->rsa->e);
359 packet_put_bignum(host_key->rsa->n);
363 /* Wait for server's response. */
364 type = packet_read();
366 /* The server responds with failure if it doesn't admit our
367 .rhosts authentication or doesn't know our host key. */
368 if (type == SSH_SMSG_FAILURE) {
369 debug("Server refused our rhosts authentication or host key.");
372 /* Otherwise, the server should respond with a challenge. */
373 if (type != SSH_SMSG_AUTH_RSA_CHALLENGE)
374 packet_disconnect("Protocol error during RSA authentication: %d", type);
376 /* Get the challenge from the packet. */
377 if ((challenge = BN_new()) == NULL)
378 fatal("try_rhosts_rsa_authentication: BN_new failed");
379 packet_get_bignum(challenge);
382 debug("Received RSA challenge for host key from server.");
384 /* Compute a response to the challenge. */
385 respond_to_rsa_challenge(challenge, host_key->rsa);
387 /* We no longer need the challenge. */
388 BN_clear_free(challenge);
390 /* Wait for response from the server. */
391 type = packet_read();
392 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS) {
393 debug("Rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv with RSA host authentication accepted by server.");
396 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
397 packet_disconnect("Protocol error waiting RSA auth response: %d", type);
398 debug("Rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv with RSA host authentication refused.");
403 * Tries to authenticate with any string-based challenge/response system.
404 * Note that the client code is not tied to s/key or TIS.
407 try_challenge_response_authentication(void)
412 char *challenge, *response;
414 debug("Doing challenge response authentication.");
416 for (i = 0; i < options.number_of_password_prompts; i++) {
417 /* request a challenge */
418 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_TIS);
422 type = packet_read();
423 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE &&
424 type != SSH_SMSG_AUTH_TIS_CHALLENGE) {
425 packet_disconnect("Protocol error: got %d in response "
426 "to SSH_CMSG_AUTH_TIS", type);
428 if (type != SSH_SMSG_AUTH_TIS_CHALLENGE) {
429 debug("No challenge.");
432 challenge = packet_get_string(&clen);
434 snprintf(prompt, sizeof prompt, "%s%s", challenge,
435 strchr(challenge, '\n') ? "" : "\nResponse: ");
438 error("Permission denied, please try again.");
439 if (options.cipher == SSH_CIPHER_NONE)
440 logit("WARNING: Encryption is disabled! "
441 "Response will be transmitted in clear text.");
442 response = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
443 if (strcmp(response, "") == 0) {
447 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_TIS_RESPONSE);
448 ssh_put_password(response);
449 explicit_bzero(response, strlen(response));
453 type = packet_read();
454 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS)
456 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
457 packet_disconnect("Protocol error: got %d in response "
458 "to SSH_CMSG_AUTH_TIS_RESPONSE", type);
465 * Tries to authenticate with plain passwd authentication.
468 try_password_authentication(char *prompt)
473 debug("Doing password authentication.");
474 if (options.cipher == SSH_CIPHER_NONE)
475 logit("WARNING: Encryption is disabled! Password will be transmitted in clear text.");
476 for (i = 0; i < options.number_of_password_prompts; i++) {
478 error("Permission denied, please try again.");
479 password = read_passphrase(prompt, 0);
480 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_AUTH_PASSWORD);
481 ssh_put_password(password);
482 explicit_bzero(password, strlen(password));
487 type = packet_read();
488 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS)
490 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
491 packet_disconnect("Protocol error: got %d in response to passwd auth", type);
501 ssh_kex(char *host, struct sockaddr *hostaddr)
505 Key *host_key, *server_key;
507 int ssh_cipher_default = SSH_CIPHER_3DES;
508 u_char session_key[SSH_SESSION_KEY_LENGTH];
510 u_int supported_ciphers;
511 u_int server_flags, client_flags;
514 debug("Waiting for server public key.");
516 /* Wait for a public key packet from the server. */
517 packet_read_expect(SSH_SMSG_PUBLIC_KEY);
519 /* Get cookie from the packet. */
520 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
521 cookie[i] = packet_get_char();
523 /* Get the public key. */
524 server_key = key_new(KEY_RSA1);
525 bits = packet_get_int();
526 packet_get_bignum(server_key->rsa->e);
527 packet_get_bignum(server_key->rsa->n);
529 rbits = BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n);
531 logit("Warning: Server lies about size of server public key: "
532 "actual size is %d bits vs. announced %d.", rbits, bits);
533 logit("Warning: This may be due to an old implementation of ssh.");
535 /* Get the host key. */
536 host_key = key_new(KEY_RSA1);
537 bits = packet_get_int();
538 packet_get_bignum(host_key->rsa->e);
539 packet_get_bignum(host_key->rsa->n);
541 rbits = BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n);
543 logit("Warning: Server lies about size of server host key: "
544 "actual size is %d bits vs. announced %d.", rbits, bits);
545 logit("Warning: This may be due to an old implementation of ssh.");
548 /* Get protocol flags. */
549 server_flags = packet_get_int();
550 packet_set_protocol_flags(server_flags);
552 supported_ciphers = packet_get_int();
553 supported_authentications = packet_get_int();
556 debug("Received server public key (%d bits) and host key (%d bits).",
557 BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n), BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n));
559 if (verify_host_key(host, hostaddr, host_key) == -1)
560 fatal("Host key verification failed.");
562 client_flags = SSH_PROTOFLAG_SCREEN_NUMBER | SSH_PROTOFLAG_HOST_IN_FWD_OPEN;
564 derive_ssh1_session_id(host_key->rsa->n, server_key->rsa->n, cookie, session_id);
567 * Generate an encryption key for the session. The key is a 256 bit
568 * random number, interpreted as a 32-byte key, with the least
569 * significant 8 bits being the first byte of the key.
571 for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
574 session_key[i] = rnd & 0xff;
579 * According to the protocol spec, the first byte of the session key
580 * is the highest byte of the integer. The session key is xored with
581 * the first 16 bytes of the session id.
583 if ((key = BN_new()) == NULL)
584 fatal("ssh_kex: BN_new failed");
585 if (BN_set_word(key, 0) == 0)
586 fatal("ssh_kex: BN_set_word failed");
587 for (i = 0; i < SSH_SESSION_KEY_LENGTH; i++) {
588 if (BN_lshift(key, key, 8) == 0)
589 fatal("ssh_kex: BN_lshift failed");
591 if (BN_add_word(key, session_key[i] ^ session_id[i])
593 fatal("ssh_kex: BN_add_word failed");
595 if (BN_add_word(key, session_key[i]) == 0)
596 fatal("ssh_kex: BN_add_word failed");
601 * Encrypt the integer using the public key and host key of the
602 * server (key with smaller modulus first).
604 if (BN_cmp(server_key->rsa->n, host_key->rsa->n) < 0) {
605 /* Public key has smaller modulus. */
606 if (BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n) <
607 BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n) + SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED) {
608 fatal("respond_to_rsa_challenge: host_key %d < server_key %d + "
609 "SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED %d",
610 BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n),
611 BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n),
612 SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED);
614 if (rsa_public_encrypt(key, key, server_key->rsa) != 0 ||
615 rsa_public_encrypt(key, key, host_key->rsa) != 0)
616 fatal("%s: rsa_public_encrypt failed", __func__);
618 /* Host key has smaller modulus (or they are equal). */
619 if (BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n) <
620 BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n) + SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED) {
621 fatal("respond_to_rsa_challenge: server_key %d < host_key %d + "
622 "SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED %d",
623 BN_num_bits(server_key->rsa->n),
624 BN_num_bits(host_key->rsa->n),
625 SSH_KEY_BITS_RESERVED);
627 if (rsa_public_encrypt(key, key, host_key->rsa) != 0 ||
628 rsa_public_encrypt(key, key, server_key->rsa) != 0)
629 fatal("%s: rsa_public_encrypt failed", __func__);
632 /* Destroy the public keys since we no longer need them. */
633 key_free(server_key);
636 if (options.cipher == SSH_CIPHER_NOT_SET) {
637 if (cipher_mask_ssh1(1) & supported_ciphers & (1 << ssh_cipher_default))
638 options.cipher = ssh_cipher_default;
639 } else if (options.cipher == SSH_CIPHER_INVALID ||
640 !(cipher_mask_ssh1(1) & (1 << options.cipher))) {
641 logit("No valid SSH1 cipher, using %.100s instead.",
642 cipher_name(ssh_cipher_default));
643 options.cipher = ssh_cipher_default;
645 /* Check that the selected cipher is supported. */
646 if (!(supported_ciphers & (1 << options.cipher)))
647 fatal("Selected cipher type %.100s not supported by server.",
648 cipher_name(options.cipher));
650 debug("Encryption type: %.100s", cipher_name(options.cipher));
652 /* Send the encrypted session key to the server. */
653 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_SESSION_KEY);
654 packet_put_char(options.cipher);
656 /* Send the cookie back to the server. */
657 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
658 packet_put_char(cookie[i]);
660 /* Send and destroy the encrypted encryption key integer. */
661 packet_put_bignum(key);
664 /* Send protocol flags. */
665 packet_put_int(client_flags);
667 /* Send the packet now. */
671 debug("Sent encrypted session key.");
673 /* Set the encryption key. */
674 packet_set_encryption_key(session_key, SSH_SESSION_KEY_LENGTH, options.cipher);
677 * We will no longer need the session key here.
678 * Destroy any extra copies.
680 explicit_bzero(session_key, sizeof(session_key));
683 * Expect a success message from the server. Note that this message
684 * will be received in encrypted form.
686 packet_read_expect(SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS);
688 debug("Received encrypted confirmation.");
695 ssh_userauth1(const char *local_user, const char *server_user, char *host,
696 Sensitive *sensitive)
700 if (supported_authentications == 0)
701 fatal("ssh_userauth1: server supports no auth methods");
703 /* Send the name of the user to log in as on the server. */
704 packet_start(SSH_CMSG_USER);
705 packet_put_cstring(server_user);
710 * The server should respond with success if no authentication is
711 * needed (the user has no password). Otherwise the server responds
714 type = packet_read();
716 /* check whether the connection was accepted without authentication. */
717 if (type == SSH_SMSG_SUCCESS)
719 if (type != SSH_SMSG_FAILURE)
720 packet_disconnect("Protocol error: got %d in response to SSH_CMSG_USER", type);
723 * Try .rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication with RSA host
726 if ((supported_authentications & (1 << SSH_AUTH_RHOSTS_RSA)) &&
727 options.rhosts_rsa_authentication) {
728 for (i = 0; i < sensitive->nkeys; i++) {
729 if (sensitive->keys[i] != NULL &&
730 sensitive->keys[i]->type == KEY_RSA1 &&
731 try_rhosts_rsa_authentication(local_user,
736 /* Try RSA authentication if the server supports it. */
737 if ((supported_authentications & (1 << SSH_AUTH_RSA)) &&
738 options.rsa_authentication) {
740 * Try RSA authentication using the authentication agent. The
741 * agent is tried first because no passphrase is needed for
742 * it, whereas identity files may require passphrases.
744 if (try_agent_authentication())
747 /* Try RSA authentication for each identity. */
748 for (i = 0; i < options.num_identity_files; i++)
749 if (options.identity_keys[i] != NULL &&
750 options.identity_keys[i]->type == KEY_RSA1 &&
751 try_rsa_authentication(i))
754 /* Try challenge response authentication if the server supports it. */
755 if ((supported_authentications & (1 << SSH_AUTH_TIS)) &&
756 options.challenge_response_authentication && !options.batch_mode) {
757 if (try_challenge_response_authentication())
760 /* Try password authentication if the server supports it. */
761 if ((supported_authentications & (1 << SSH_AUTH_PASSWORD)) &&
762 options.password_authentication && !options.batch_mode) {
765 snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt), "%.30s@%.128s's password: ",
767 if (try_password_authentication(prompt))
770 /* All authentication methods have failed. Exit with an error message. */
771 fatal("Permission denied.");
775 return; /* need statement after label */
778 #endif /* WITH_SSH1 */