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32 .\" @(#)ps.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.24.2.7 2002/06/20 22:43:33 charnier Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ps/ps.1,v 1.3 2004/07/29 09:20:39 dillon Exp $
44 .Op Fl aCcefhjlmrSTuvwxyY
58 displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your
59 processes that have controlling terminals.
60 This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process
63 The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
69 The default output format includes, for each process, the process'
71 controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time),
72 state, and associated command.
74 The process file system (see
76 should be mounted when
78 is executed, otherwise not all information will be available.
80 The options are as follows:
81 .Bl -tag -width indent
83 Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
84 This can be disabled by setting the
85 .Va kern.ps_showallprocs
88 Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name,
89 rather than the full command line.
91 Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw''
92 cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has
95 Display the environment as well.
97 Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
98 This option is honored only if the uid of the user is 0.
100 Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
101 header per page of information.
103 Print information associated with the following keywords:
104 user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
106 List the set of available keywords.
108 Display information associated with the following keywords:
109 uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time
112 Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
113 instead of the default
116 Sort by memory usage, instead of by process
119 Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default
122 Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
123 of keywords specified, after the process
125 in the default information
127 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
128 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
131 Display information associated with the space or comma separated list
132 of keywords specified.
133 Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string.
134 This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
137 Display information associated with the specified process
140 Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process
143 Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited
144 children to their parent process.
146 Display information about processes attached to the device associated
147 with the standard input.
149 Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
152 Display the processes belonging to the specified
155 Display information associated with the following keywords:
156 user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
163 Display information associated with the following keywords:
164 pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz,
165 %cpu, %mem and command.
172 Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
176 option is specified more than once,
178 will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
180 Display information about processes without controlling terminals.
182 Display information associated with the following keywords:
183 uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, iac, nice, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.
184 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
186 Sort by iac (interactivity measure).
189 A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
190 Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
191 .Bl -tag -width indent
193 The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
194 a minute of previous (real) time.
195 Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
196 be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
198 fields to exceed 100%.
200 The percentage of real memory used by this process.
202 The flags associated with the process as in
205 .Bl -column P_NOCLDSTOP P_NOCLDSTOP
206 .It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
207 .It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002 Has a controlling terminal"
208 .It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x00004 Loaded into memory"
209 .It Dv "P_NOCLDSTOP" Ta No "0x00008 No SIGCHLD when children stop"
210 .It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
211 .It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020 Has started profiling"
212 .It Dv "P_SELECT" Ta No "0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger"
213 .It Dv "P_SINTR" Ta No "0x00080 Sleep is interruptible"
214 .It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100 Had set id privileges since last exec"
215 .It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200 System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
216 .It Dv "P_TIMEOUT" Ta No "0x00400 Timing out during sleep"
217 .It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800 Debugged process being traced"
218 .It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000 Debugging process has waited for child"
219 .It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000 Working on exiting"
220 .It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000 Process called exec"
221 .It Dv "P_OWEUPC" Ta No "0x20000 Owe process an addupc() call at next ast"
222 .It Dv "P_SWAPPING" Ta No "0x40000 Process is being swapped"
225 The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
228 The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format described in
231 The process scheduling increment (see
232 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
234 the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
236 The time the command started.
237 If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
238 displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in
240 If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
241 displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format.
242 Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.
244 The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
246 The first letter indicates the run state of the process:
248 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
250 Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
252 Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
254 Marks a process which is in
256 The hostname of the prison can be found in
257 .Ql Li /proc/<pid>/status .
259 Marks a runnable process.
261 Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
263 Marks a stopped process.
265 Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
268 Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
271 .Bl -tag -width indent -compact
273 The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
275 The process has raised
279 The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is
280 currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not
283 the process has asked for random page replacement
284 .Pf ( Dv MADV_RANDOM ,
289 in a garbage collect).
291 The process is trying to exit.
293 The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
296 The process has reduced
298 scheduling priority (see
299 .Xr setpriority 2 ) .
301 The process has asked for
304 .Pf ( Dv MADV_SEQUENTIAL ,
307 for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to
308 sequentially address voluminous data).
310 The process is a session leader.
312 The process is suspended during a
315 The process is swapped out.
317 The process is being traced or debugged.
320 An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
321 The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
323 or, for the console, ``con''.
324 This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that
325 controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
327 The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
328 When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
329 trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
333 When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
334 has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
335 is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying
336 to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.
340 makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
341 process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
342 The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
343 is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended
345 The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
347 The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
349 Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
351 .Bl -tag -width sigignore -compact
353 percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
355 percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
357 accounting flag (alias acflg)
359 command and arguments
361 short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
363 the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
365 total blocks read (alias inblock)
375 login name of user who started the process
383 total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
385 total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
387 nice value (alias ni)
389 total involuntary context switches
391 total signals taken (alias nsignals)
395 total voluntary context switches
397 wait channel (as an address)
399 total blocks written (alias oublock)
401 resource usage (valid only for zombie)
405 pageins (same as majflt)
419 core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
424 reverse link on run queue, or 0
428 resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
430 realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
435 user name (from ruid)
439 pending signals (alias pending)
441 caught signals (alias caught)
443 ignored signals (alias ignored)
445 blocked signals (alias blocked)
447 sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
451 symbolic process state (alias stat)
453 saved gid from a setgid executable
455 saved uid from a setuid executable
457 control terminal device number
459 accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
461 control terminal process group
464 .\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
466 control terminal session pointer
468 text size (in Kbytes)
470 control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
472 full name of control terminal
476 name to be used for accounting
481 scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
485 virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
487 wait channel (as a symbolic name)
489 exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
492 .Bl -tag -width /var/db/kvm_kernel.db -compact
494 default kernel memory
495 .It Pa /var/run/dev.db
497 .It Pa /var/db/kvm_kernel.db
498 system namelist database
500 default system namelist
516 cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
517 process, the information it displays can never be exact.