2 * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994
3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
14 * must display the following acknowledgement:
15 * This product includes software developed by the University of
16 * California, Berkeley and its contributors.
17 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
18 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
19 * without specific prior written permission.
21 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
22 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
23 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
24 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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26 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
27 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
28 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
29 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
30 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
33 * @(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
34 * @(#)newfs.c 8.13 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
35 * $FreeBSD: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.30.2.9 2003/05/13 12:03:55 joerg Exp $
36 * $DragonFly: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.13 2005/09/10 21:01:20 swildner Exp $
40 * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs
42 #include <sys/param.h>
44 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
46 #include <sys/mount.h>
48 #include <vfs/ufs/dir.h>
49 #include <vfs/ufs/dinode.h>
50 #include <vfs/ufs/fs.h>
51 #include <vfs/ufs/ufsmount.h>
64 #include <sys/types.h>
77 struct mntopt mopts[] = {
83 void fatal(const char *fmt, ...);
85 #define COMPAT /* allow non-labeled disks */
88 * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
89 * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
90 * MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
91 * sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
92 * DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
94 #define DFL_FRAGSIZE 2048
95 #define DFL_BLKSIZE 16384
98 * Cylinder groups may have up to many cylinders. The actual
99 * number used depends upon how much information can be stored
100 * on a single cylinder. The default is to use as many as possible
101 * cylinders per group.
103 #define DESCPG 65536 /* desired fs_cpg ("infinity") */
106 * Once upon a time...
107 * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate
108 * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in
109 * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks
110 * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 4ms.
112 * ...but now we make this 0 to disable the rotdelay delay because
113 * modern drives with read/write-behind achieve higher performance
119 * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
120 * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect
121 * block worth of data blocks.
123 #define MAXBLKPG(bsize) ((bsize) / sizeof(daddr_t))
126 * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
127 * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this
128 * to be far more than we will ever need.
133 * Once upon a time...
134 * For each cylinder we keep track of the availability of blocks at different
135 * rotational positions, so that we can lay out the data to be picked
136 * up with minimum rotational latency. NRPOS is the default number of
137 * rotational positions that we distinguish. With NRPOS of 8 the resolution
138 * of our summary information is 2ms for a typical 3600 rpm drive.
140 * ...but now we make this 1 (which essentially disables the rotational
141 * position table because modern drives with read-ahead and write-behind do
142 * better without the rotational position table.
144 #define NRPOS 1 /* number distinct rotational positions */
147 * About the same time as the above, we knew what went where on the disks.
148 * no longer so, so kill the code which finds the different platters too...
149 * We do this by saying one head, with a lot of sectors on it.
150 * The number of sectors are used to determine the size of a cyl-group.
151 * Kirk suggested one or two meg per "cylinder" so we say two.
153 #define NTRACKS 1 /* number of heads */
154 #define NSECTORS 4096 /* number of sectors */
156 int mfs; /* run as the memory based filesystem */
157 char *mfs_mtpt; /* mount point for mfs */
158 struct stat mfs_mtstat; /* stat prior to mount */
159 int Nflag; /* run without writing file system */
160 int Oflag; /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
161 int Cflag; /* copy underlying filesystem (mfs only) */
162 int Uflag; /* enable soft updates for file system */
163 int fssize; /* file system size */
164 int ntracks = NTRACKS; /* # tracks/cylinder */
165 int nsectors = NSECTORS; /* # sectors/track */
166 int nphyssectors; /* # sectors/track including spares */
167 int secpercyl; /* sectors per cylinder */
168 int trackspares = -1; /* spare sectors per track */
169 int cylspares = -1; /* spare sectors per cylinder */
170 int sectorsize; /* bytes/sector */
171 int realsectorsize; /* bytes/sector in hardware */
172 int rpm; /* revolutions/minute of drive */
173 int interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */
174 int trackskew = -1; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
175 int headswitch; /* head switch time, usec */
176 int trackseek; /* track-to-track seek, usec */
177 int fsize = 0; /* fragment size */
178 int bsize = 0; /* block size */
179 int cpg = DESCPG; /* cylinders/cylinder group */
180 int cpgflg; /* cylinders/cylinder group flag was given */
181 int minfree = MINFREE; /* free space threshold */
182 int opt = DEFAULTOPT; /* optimization preference (space or time) */
183 int density; /* number of bytes per inode */
184 int maxcontig = 0; /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
185 int rotdelay = ROTDELAY; /* rotational delay between blocks */
186 int maxbpg; /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
187 int nrpos = NRPOS; /* # of distinguished rotational positions */
188 int avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;/* expected average file size */
189 int avgfilesperdir = AFPDIR;/* expected number of files per directory */
190 int bbsize = BBSIZE; /* boot block size */
191 int sbsize = SBSIZE; /* superblock size */
192 int mntflags = MNT_ASYNC; /* flags to be passed to mount */
193 int t_or_u_flag = 0; /* user has specified -t or -u */
194 u_long memleft; /* virtual memory available */
195 caddr_t membase; /* start address of memory based filesystem */
202 char device[MAXPATHLEN];
203 char mfsdevname[256];
206 struct disklabel *getdisklabel(char *, int);
207 static void rewritelabel(char *, int, struct disklabel *);
208 static void usage(void);
209 static void mfsintr(int signo);
212 main(int argc, char **argv)
215 struct partition *pp;
216 struct disklabel *lp;
217 struct disklabel mfsfakelabel;
218 struct partition oldpartition;
221 int fsi = 0, fso, len, n, vflag;
222 char *cp = NULL, *s1, *s2, *special;
223 const char *opstring;
230 if ((progname = strrchr(*argv, '/')))
235 if (strstr(progname, "mfs")) {
241 "NCF:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:m:o:s:v" :
242 "NOS:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:k:l:m:n:o:p:r:s:t:u:vx:";
243 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opstring)) != -1)
252 Cflag = 1; /* MFS only */
255 if ((sectorsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
256 fatal("%s: bad sector size", optarg);
270 if ((maxcontig = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
271 fatal("%s: bad maximum contiguous blocks",
275 if ((bsize = atoi(optarg)) < MINBSIZE)
276 fatal("%s: bad block size", optarg);
279 if ((cpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
280 fatal("%s: bad cylinders/group", optarg);
284 if ((rotdelay = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
285 fatal("%s: bad rotational delay", optarg);
288 if ((maxbpg = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
289 fatal("%s: bad blocks per file in a cylinder group",
293 if ((fsize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
294 fatal("%s: bad fragment size", optarg);
297 if ((avgfilesize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
298 fatal("%s: bad average file size", optarg);
301 if ((avgfilesperdir = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
302 fatal("%s: bad average files per dir", optarg);
305 if ((density = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
306 fatal("%s: bad bytes per inode", optarg);
309 if ((trackskew = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
310 fatal("%s: bad track skew", optarg);
313 if ((interleave = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
314 fatal("%s: bad interleave", optarg);
317 if ((minfree = atoi(optarg)) < 0 || minfree > 99)
318 fatal("%s: bad free space %%", optarg);
321 if ((nrpos = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
322 fatal("%s: bad rotational layout count",
329 getmntopts(optarg, mopts, &mntflags, 0);
331 if (strcmp(optarg, "space") == 0)
333 else if (strcmp(optarg, "time") == 0)
336 fatal("%s: unknown optimization preference: use `space' or `time'", optarg);
340 if ((trackspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
341 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per track",
345 if ((rpm = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
346 fatal("%s: bad revolutions/minute", optarg);
349 if ((fssize = atoi(optarg)) <= 0)
350 fatal("%s: bad file system size", optarg);
354 if ((ntracks = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
355 fatal("%s: bad total tracks", optarg);
359 if ((nsectors = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
360 fatal("%s: bad sectors/track", optarg);
366 if ((cylspares = atoi(optarg)) < 0)
367 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per cylinder",
377 if (argc != 2 && (mfs || argc != 1))
381 /* Copy the NetBSD way of faking up a disk label */
382 if (mfs && !strcmp(special, "swap")) {
384 * it's an MFS, mounted on "swap." fake up a label.
387 fso = -1; /* XXX; normally done below. */
389 memset(&mfsfakelabel, 0, sizeof(mfsfakelabel));
390 mfsfakelabel.d_secsize = 512;
391 mfsfakelabel.d_nsectors = 64;
392 mfsfakelabel.d_ntracks = 16;
393 mfsfakelabel.d_ncylinders = 16;
394 mfsfakelabel.d_secpercyl = 1024;
395 mfsfakelabel.d_secperunit = 16384;
396 mfsfakelabel.d_rpm = 3600;
397 mfsfakelabel.d_interleave = 1;
398 mfsfakelabel.d_npartitions = 1;
399 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_size = 16384;
400 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_fsize = 1024;
401 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_frag = 8;
402 mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0].p_cpg = 16;
405 pp = &mfsfakelabel.d_partitions[0];
410 cp = strrchr(special, '/');
413 * No path prefix; try /dev/%s.
415 snprintf(device, sizeof(device), "%s%s", _PATH_DEV, special);
421 fso = open(special, O_WRONLY);
423 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
425 /* Bail if target special is mounted */
426 n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT);
428 fatal("%s: getmntinfo: %s", special, strerror(errno));
430 len = sizeof(_PATH_DEV) - 1;
432 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s1, len) == 0)
436 s2 = mp->f_mntfromname;
437 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s2, len) == 0) {
441 if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0 || strcmp(s1, &s2[1]) == 0)
442 fatal("%s is mounted on %s",
443 special, mp->f_mntonname);
447 if (mfs && disktype != NULL) {
448 lp = (struct disklabel *)getdiskbyname(disktype);
450 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype);
451 pp = &lp->d_partitions[1];
453 fsi = open(special, O_RDONLY);
455 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
456 if (fstat(fsi, &st) < 0)
457 fatal("%s: %s", special, strerror(errno));
458 if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFCHR && !mfs)
459 printf("%s: %s: not a character-special device\n",
461 cp = strchr(argv[0], '\0');
463 fatal("null special file name");
465 if (!vflag && (*cp < 'a' || *cp >= 'a' + MAXPARTITIONS) && !isdigit(*cp)) {
466 fatal("%s: can't figure out file system partition",
470 if (!mfs && disktype == NULL)
473 lp = getdisklabel(special, fsi);
474 if (vflag || isdigit(*cp))
475 pp = &lp->d_partitions[0];
477 pp = &lp->d_partitions[*cp - 'a'];
479 fatal("%s: `%c' partition is unavailable",
481 if (pp->p_fstype == FS_BOOT)
482 fatal("%s: `%c' partition overlaps boot program",
488 if ((uint32_t)fssize > pp->p_size && !mfs)
489 fatal("%s: maximum file system size on the `%c' partition is %d",
490 argv[0], *cp, pp->p_size);
497 ntracks = lp->d_ntracks;
499 fatal("%s: no default #tracks", argv[0]);
502 nsectors = lp->d_nsectors;
504 fatal("%s: no default #sectors/track", argv[0]);
506 if (sectorsize == 0) {
507 sectorsize = lp->d_secsize;
509 fatal("%s: no default sector size", argv[0]);
511 if (trackskew == -1) {
512 trackskew = lp->d_trackskew;
516 if (interleave == 0) {
517 interleave = lp->d_interleave;
524 fsize = MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE, lp->d_secsize);
527 bsize = pp->p_frag * pp->p_fsize;
529 bsize = MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE, 8 * fsize);
532 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
533 * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering
534 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
535 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
538 maxcontig = MAX(1, MAXPHYS / bsize - 1);
540 density = NFPI * fsize;
541 if (minfree < MINFREE && opt != FS_OPTSPACE) {
542 fprintf(stderr, "Warning: changing optimization to space ");
543 fprintf(stderr, "because minfree is less than %d%%\n", MINFREE);
546 if (trackspares == -1) {
547 trackspares = lp->d_sparespertrack;
551 nphyssectors = nsectors + trackspares;
552 if (cylspares == -1) {
553 cylspares = lp->d_sparespercyl;
557 secpercyl = nsectors * ntracks - cylspares;
559 * Only complain if -t or -u have been specified; the default
560 * case (4096 sectors per cylinder) is intended to disagree
561 * with the disklabel.
563 if (t_or_u_flag && (uint32_t)secpercyl != lp->d_secpercyl)
564 fprintf(stderr, "%s (%d) %s (%lu)\n",
565 "Warning: calculated sectors per cylinder", secpercyl,
566 "disagrees with disk label", (u_long)lp->d_secpercyl);
568 maxbpg = MAXBLKPG(bsize);
569 headswitch = lp->d_headswitch;
570 trackseek = lp->d_trkseek;
571 #ifdef notdef /* label may be 0 if faked up by kernel */
572 bbsize = lp->d_bbsize;
573 sbsize = lp->d_sbsize;
576 realsectorsize = sectorsize;
577 if (sectorsize != DEV_BSIZE) { /* XXX */
578 int secperblk = sectorsize / DEV_BSIZE;
580 sectorsize = DEV_BSIZE;
581 nsectors *= secperblk;
582 nphyssectors *= secperblk;
583 secpercyl *= secperblk;
585 pp->p_size *= secperblk;
590 stat(mfs_mtpt, &mfs_mtstat) < 0 ||
591 !S_ISDIR(mfs_mtstat.st_mode)
593 fatal("mount point not dir: %s", mfs_mtpt);
596 mkfs(pp, special, fsi, fso, (Cflag && mfs) ? argv[1] : NULL);
597 if (realsectorsize != DEV_BSIZE)
598 pp->p_size /= realsectorsize /DEV_BSIZE;
599 if (!Nflag && bcmp(pp, &oldpartition, sizeof(oldpartition)))
600 rewritelabel(special, fso, lp);
606 struct mfs_args args;
609 snprintf(mfsdevname, sizeof(mfsdevname), "/dev/mfs%d",
611 args.fspec = mfsdevname;
612 args.export.ex_root = -2;
613 if (mntflags & MNT_RDONLY)
614 args.export.ex_flags = MNT_EXRDONLY;
616 args.export.ex_flags = 0;
618 args.size = fssize * sectorsize;
620 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
621 if (error && vfsisloadable("mfs")) {
623 fatal("vfsload(mfs)");
624 endvfsent(); /* flush cache */
625 error = getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc);
628 fatal("mfs filesystem not available");
630 udev = (253 << 8) | (getpid() & 255) |
631 ((getpid() & ~0xFF) << 8);
632 if (mknod(mfsdevname, S_IFCHR | 0700, udev) < 0)
633 printf("Warning: unable to create %s\n", mfsdevname);
634 signal(SIGINT, mfsintr);
635 if (mount(vfc.vfc_name, argv[1], mntflags, &args) < 0)
636 fatal("%s: %s", argv[1], strerror(errno));
637 signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
647 mfsintr(__unused int signo)
650 munmap(membase, fssize * sectorsize);
657 char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label; disk type must be specified";
659 char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label";
663 getdisklabel(char *s, int fd)
665 static struct disklabel lab;
667 if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, (char *)&lab) < 0) {
670 struct disklabel *lp;
673 lp = getdiskbyname(disktype);
675 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype);
679 warn("ioctl (GDINFO)");
686 rewritelabel(char *s, int fd, struct disklabel *lp)
693 lp->d_checksum = dkcksum(lp);
694 if (ioctl(fd, DIOCWDINFO, (char *)lp) < 0) {
695 warn("ioctl (WDINFO)");
696 fatal("%s: can't rewrite disk label", s);
702 fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
707 if (fcntl(STDERR_FILENO, F_GETFL) < 0) {
708 openlog(progname, LOG_CONS, LOG_DAEMON);
709 vsyslog(LOG_ERR, fmt, ap);
724 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n",
728 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device%s\n",
735 fprintf(stderr, "where fsoptions are:\n");
736 fprintf(stderr, "\t-C (mfs) Copy the underlying filesystem to the MFS mount\n");
738 "\t-N do not create file system, just print out parameters\n");
739 fprintf(stderr, "\t-O create a 4.3BSD format filesystem\n");
740 fprintf(stderr, "\t-S sector size\n");
742 fprintf(stderr, "\t-T disktype\n");
744 fprintf(stderr, "\t-U enable soft updates\n");
745 fprintf(stderr, "\t-a maximum contiguous blocks\n");
746 fprintf(stderr, "\t-b block size\n");
747 fprintf(stderr, "\t-c cylinders/group\n");
748 fprintf(stderr, "\t-d rotational delay between contiguous blocks\n");
749 fprintf(stderr, "\t-e maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group\n");
750 fprintf(stderr, "\t-f frag size\n");
751 fprintf(stderr, "\t-g average file size\n");
752 fprintf(stderr, "\t-h average files per directory\n");
753 fprintf(stderr, "\t-i number of bytes per inode\n");
754 fprintf(stderr, "\t-k sector 0 skew, per track\n");
755 fprintf(stderr, "\t-l hardware sector interleave\n");
756 fprintf(stderr, "\t-m minimum free space %%\n");
757 fprintf(stderr, "\t-n number of distinguished rotational positions\n");
758 fprintf(stderr, "\t-o optimization preference (`space' or `time')\n");
759 fprintf(stderr, "\t-p spare sectors per track\n");
760 fprintf(stderr, "\t-s file system size (sectors)\n");
761 fprintf(stderr, "\t-r revolutions/minute\n");
762 fprintf(stderr, "\t-t tracks/cylinder\n");
763 fprintf(stderr, "\t-u sectors/track\n");
765 "\t-v do not attempt to determine partition name from device name\n");
766 fprintf(stderr, "\t-x spare sectors per cylinder\n");