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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
40 .Nd layout of filesystems
42 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
45 root directory of the filesystem
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
56 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
57 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
62 block and character device files
64 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
66 file descriptor files;
71 system configuration files and scripts
73 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
75 bluetooth configuration files
77 default system configuration files;
84 .\"Firmware image files;
88 local timezone information;
92 Sendmail control files
94 mtree configuration files;
98 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
101 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
106 ppp configuration files;
110 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
114 OpenSSH configuration files;
118 OpenSSL configuration files
120 Files relevant to system upgrades
122 uucp configuration files;
127 HOME directories of non-root users
129 empty directory commonly used by
130 system administrators as a temporary mount point
132 pseudo file system directory (on
141 root's HOME directory
143 system programs and administration utilities
144 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
146 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
149 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
151 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
153 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
155 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
157 useful and semi-frivolous programs
159 standard C include files
161 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
163 C include files for Internet service protocols
167 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
169 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
171 The SCSI device on top of CAM
175 C include files for programming various
179 Include Files for various emulation layers
182 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
189 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
195 C include files for libmilter,
196 the sendmail mail filter API
198 C include files for libprop
200 machine-specific C include files
204 misc network C include files
210 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
214 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
218 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
220 kernel key-management service
228 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
230 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
232 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
238 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
240 get a line from a user, with editing;
244 remote procedure calls;
248 definition of RPC service structures; see
254 system C include files (kernel data structures)
256 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
258 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
278 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
280 a.out archive libraries
282 shared libraries for compatibility
284 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
286 a.out backward compatibility libraries
289 OpenSSL dynamic engines
293 misc. utility data files
295 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
297 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils221/" -compact
300 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
309 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
317 utilities and filters for LP print system;
327 restricted shell for sendmail;
337 local executables, libraries, etc.
340 the general layout sketched out by
347 directory (directly under
352 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
358 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
362 default destination directory for the
367 the general layout sketched out by
374 directory (directly under
379 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
387 collection (optional).
389 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
391 architecture-independent files
393 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
395 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
403 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
405 words from Webster's 2nd International
415 miscellaneous documentation
416 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
418 License files for vendor supplied firmware
422 various examples for users and programmers
424 ASCII text files used by various games
426 device description file for device name
428 internationalization databases; see
431 GNU Info hypertext system
433 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
441 macros for use with the me macro package;
445 misc system-wide ASCII text files
447 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
449 terminal characteristics database;
459 national language support files;
464 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
470 sendmail configuration files;
474 example . (dot) files for new accounts
479 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
487 console keyboard maps;
497 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
506 text processing macros;
512 localization support and utilities for
515 timezone configuration information;
522 third-party, and/or local source files
524 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
526 source code for files in
529 source code for contributed software
531 source code for contributed cryptography software
533 source code for files in
536 source code for files in
539 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
541 source code for files in
544 source code for files in
547 source code for files in
550 files required to produce a
554 source code for files in
557 build directory for files in
565 tools used for maintenance and testing of
568 source code for files in
571 source code for files in
576 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
578 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
580 system accounting files
582 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
584 execution accounting file;
590 timed command scheduling files;
594 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
596 directory containing job files
598 directory containing output spool files
604 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
613 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
621 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
623 empty directory used by
625 for privilege separation
627 misc. game status and score files
629 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
633 misc. system log files
635 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
645 system messages database;
649 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
654 filesystem quota information files
656 system information files describing various info about
657 system since it was booted
659 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
663 group for command connection sockets; see
666 database of current users;
679 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
681 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
683 undelivered submission mail queue;
687 undelivered mail queue;
693 the anonymous ftp root directory
695 undelivered mail queue;
699 line printer spooling directories
705 public uucp temporary directory
709 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
711 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
713 the directory where recovery files are stored
721 This manual page documents the default
723 filesystem layout, but
724 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
725 administrator's discretion.
726 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
741 manual page appeared in