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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
40 .Nd layout of filesystems
42 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
43 .Bl -tag -width "/stand/"
45 root directory of the filesystem
47 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
49 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
51 .Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact
53 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 block and character device files
59 .Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact
61 script for creating device files;
65 file descriptor files;
70 system configuration files and scripts
72 .Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact
74 default system configuration files;
78 gnats configuration files;
82 isdn4bsd configuration files;
86 configuration files for kerberos version IV;
90 local timezone information;
94 Sendmail control files
96 mtree configuration files;
100 named configuration files;
104 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
109 ppp configuration files;
113 OpenSSL configuration files
115 uucp configuration files;
120 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
123 loadable kernel modules;
127 empty directory commonly used by
128 system administrators as a temporary mount point
135 root's HOME directory
137 system programs and administration utilities
138 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
140 programs used in a standalone environment
142 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
144 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
146 .Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact
148 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
150 useful and semi-frivolous programs
152 standard C include files
154 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
156 C include files for Internet service protocols
158 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
159 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
161 The SCSI device on top of CAM
164 C include files for programming various
167 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
169 The parallel port bus;
176 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
181 GNU C++ include files
182 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
184 GNU C++ libstdc++ include files
187 ISC utility library libisc include files
189 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
194 C include files for kerberos authentication package;
198 C include files for libmilter,
199 the sendmail mail filter API
201 machine-specific C include files
205 misc network C include files
213 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
217 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
221 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
223 kernel key-management service
233 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
235 Objective C include files
237 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
241 POSIX real-time extensions includes;
245 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
247 get a line from a user, with editing;
251 remote procedure calls;
255 definition of RPC service structures; see
263 library, part of Kerberos IV.
265 system C include files (kernel data structures)
270 .\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
277 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
278 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
296 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
298 a.out archive libraries
300 shared libraries for compatibility
301 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
303 a.out backward compatibility libraries
308 misc. utility data files
309 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
311 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
314 .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact
325 various prebuilt lint libraries;
329 Character set conversion tables
331 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
333 contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503;
338 holds the download firmware images
342 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
343 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
345 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
347 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
349 utilities and filters for LP print system;
359 restricted shell for sendmail;
369 local executables, libraries, etc.
370 Also used as the default destination for the
373 Within local/, the general layout sketched out by
376 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/
377 rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/),
378 and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
380 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree
384 ports collection (optional).
386 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
388 architecture-independent files
390 .Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact
392 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
400 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
402 words from Webster's 2nd International
412 miscellaneous documentation;
413 source for most of the printed
419 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
421 Frequently Asked Questions
423 implementation notes for IPv6
425 documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
427 Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
432 Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
434 HTML documents pertaining to ncurses;
438 HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol
442 UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents
444 Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
446 UNIX System Manager's Manual
451 UNIX User's Supplementary Documents
453 Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc
457 various examples for users and programmers
459 ASCII text files used by various games
461 device description file for device name
463 GNU Info hypertext system
467 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
475 macros for use with the me macro package;
479 misc system-wide ASCII text files
480 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
488 terminal characteristics database;
497 national language support files;
501 pcvt documentation and etc examples;
509 sendmail configuration files;
513 example . (dot) files for new accounts
515 files used by syscons;
518 .Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact
526 console keyboard maps;
535 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
540 text processing macros;
546 localization support and utilities for
549 timezone configuration information;
555 third-party, and/or local source files
557 .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact
559 source code for files in /bin
561 source code for contributed software
563 source code for contributed cryptography software
565 source code for files in /etc
567 source code for files in /usr/games
569 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
571 source code for files in /usr/include
573 source code for kerberos version IV
575 source code for files in /usr/lib
577 source code for files in /usr/libexec
579 files required to produce a
583 source code for files in /sbin
585 build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto
587 source for files in /usr/share
591 tools used for maintenance and testing of
594 source code for files in /usr/bin
596 source code for files in /usr/sbin
600 X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional).
601 .Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact
603 X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports).
605 X11R6 configuration files and scripts.
613 architecture-independent files.
617 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
619 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
621 system accounting files
623 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
625 execution accounting file;
631 timed command scheduling files;
634 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
636 directory containing job files
638 directory containing output spool files
644 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
652 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
660 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
662 empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege separation;
666 misc. game status and score files
668 kerberos server databases; see
671 misc. system log files
673 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
683 system messages database;
687 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
692 filesystem quota information files
694 system information files describing various info about
695 system since it was booted
697 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
701 group for command connection sockets; see
704 database of current users;
717 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
719 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
721 undelivered submission mail queue;
725 commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory
727 undelivered mail queue;
731 line printer spooling directories
735 commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory
739 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
740 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
742 the directory where recovery files are stored
749 This manual page documents the default
751 filesystem layout, but
752 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
753 administrator's discretion.
754 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
769 manual page appeared in