3 .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
4 .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
5 .\" All rights reserved
7 .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
8 .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
9 .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
10 .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
11 .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
13 .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
14 .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
15 .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
17 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
18 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
20 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
21 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
22 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
23 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
24 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
26 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
27 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
28 .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
29 .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
30 .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
31 .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
32 .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
33 .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
34 .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
35 .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
37 .\" $OpenBSD: ssh.1,v 1.283 2009/03/19 15:15:09 jmc Exp $
38 .Dd $Mdocdate: March 19 2009 $
43 .Nd OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
46 .Op Fl 1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy
47 .Op Fl b Ar bind_address
48 .Op Fl c Ar cipher_spec
51 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
55 .Op Fl e Ar escape_char
56 .Op Fl F Ar configfile
58 .Op Fl i Ar identity_file
62 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
63 .Ar port : host : hostport
67 .Op Fl l Ar login_name
75 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
76 .Ar port : host : hostport
81 .Oo Fl w Ar local_tun Ns
82 .Op : Ns Ar remote_tun Oc
83 .Oo Ar user Ns @ Oc Ns Ar hostname
88 (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
89 executing commands on a remote machine.
90 It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh,
91 and provide secure encrypted communications between
92 two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.
93 X11 connections and arbitrary TCP ports
94 can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
97 connects and logs into the specified
103 his/her identity to the remote machine using one of several methods
104 depending on the protocol version used (see below).
109 it is executed on the remote host instead of a login shell.
111 The options are as follows:
116 to try protocol version 1 only.
120 to try protocol version 2 only.
124 to use IPv4 addresses only.
128 to use IPv6 addresses only.
130 Enables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.
131 This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.
133 Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution.
134 Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host
135 (for the agent's Unix-domain socket)
136 can access the local agent through the forwarded connection.
137 An attacker cannot obtain key material from the agent,
138 however they can perform operations on the keys that enable them to
139 authenticate using the identities loaded into the agent.
141 Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.
142 .It Fl b Ar bind_address
145 on the local machine as the source address
147 Only useful on systems with more than one address.
149 Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and
150 data for forwarded X11 and TCP connections).
151 The compression algorithm is the same used by
155 can be controlled by the
157 option for protocol version 1.
158 Compression is desirable on modem lines and other
159 slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks.
160 The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the
161 configuration files; see the
164 .It Fl c Ar cipher_spec
165 Selects the cipher specification for encrypting the session.
167 Protocol version 1 allows specification of a single cipher.
168 The supported values are
174 (triple-des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three different keys.
175 It is believed to be secure.
177 is a fast block cipher; it appears very secure and is much faster than
180 is only supported in the
182 client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations
183 that do not support the
186 Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic weaknesses.
190 For protocol version 2,
192 is a comma-separated list of ciphers
193 listed in order of preference.
196 keyword for more information.
199 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
205 application-level port forwarding.
206 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
208 on the local side, optionally bound to the specified
210 Whenever a connection is made to this port, the
211 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and the application
212 protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the
214 Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and
216 will act as a SOCKS server.
217 Only root can forward privileged ports.
218 Dynamic port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
220 IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax:
223 .Op Ar bind_address No /
227 or by enclosing the address in square brackets.
228 Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.
229 By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
234 may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.
239 indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an
242 indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.
243 .It Fl e Ar escape_char
244 Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default:
246 The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line.
247 The escape character followed by a dot
249 closes the connection;
250 followed by control-Z suspends the connection;
251 and followed by itself sends the escape character once.
252 Setting the character to
254 disables any escapes and makes the session fully transparent.
255 .It Fl F Ar configfile
256 Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file.
257 If a configuration file is given on the command line,
258 the system-wide configuration file
259 .Pq Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_config
261 The default for the per-user configuration file is
266 to go to background just before command execution.
269 is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user
270 wants it in the background.
273 The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with
275 .Ic ssh -f host xterm .
278 .Cm ExitOnForwardFailure
279 configuration option is set to
281 then a client started with
283 will wait for all remote port forwards to be successfully established
284 before placing itself in the background.
286 Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports.
287 .It Fl I Ar smartcard_device
290 should use to communicate with a smartcard used for storing the user's
292 This option is only available if support for smartcard devices
293 is compiled in (default is no support).
294 .It Fl i Ar identity_file
295 Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for
296 RSA or DSA authentication is read.
299 for protocol version 1, and
303 for protocol version 2.
304 Identity files may also be specified on
305 a per-host basis in the configuration file.
306 It is possible to have multiple
308 options (and multiple identities specified in
309 configuration files).
311 Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI
312 credentials to the server.
314 Disables forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server.
317 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
318 .Ar port : host : hostport
321 Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be
322 forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side.
323 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
325 on the local side, optionally bound to the specified
327 Whenever a connection is made to this port, the
328 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is
333 from the remote machine.
334 Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
335 IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax:
338 .Op Ar bind_address No /
339 .Ar port No / Ar host No /
343 or by enclosing the address in square brackets.
344 Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.
345 By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
350 may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.
355 indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an
358 indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.
359 .It Fl l Ar login_name
360 Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine.
361 This also may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.
367 mode for connection sharing.
374 mode with confirmation required before slave connections are accepted.
375 Refer to the description of
381 Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of MAC
382 (message authentication code) algorithms can
383 be specified in order of preference.
386 keyword for more information.
388 Do not execute a remote command.
389 This is useful for just forwarding ports
390 (protocol version 2 only).
394 (actually, prevents reading from stdin).
395 This must be used when
397 is run in the background.
398 A common trick is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote machine.
400 .Ic ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs &
401 will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11
402 connection will be automatically forwarded over an encrypted channel.
405 program will be put in the background.
406 (This does not work if
408 needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the
412 Control an active connection multiplexing master process.
415 option is specified, the
417 argument is interpreted and passed to the master process.
420 (check that the master process is running) and
422 (request the master to exit).
424 Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file.
425 This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate
427 For full details of the options listed below, and their possible values, see
430 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
434 .It ChallengeResponseAuthentication
438 .It ClearAllForwardings
441 .It ConnectionAttempts
447 .It ExitOnForwardFailure
450 .It ForwardX11Trusted
452 .It GlobalKnownHostsFile
453 .It GSSAPIAuthentication
454 .It GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
457 .It HostbasedAuthentication
458 .It HostKeyAlgorithms
463 .It KbdInteractiveDevices
468 .It NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
469 .It NumberOfPasswordPrompts
470 .It PasswordAuthentication
471 .It PermitLocalCommand
473 .It PreferredAuthentications
476 .It PubkeyAuthentication
479 .It RhostsRSAAuthentication
480 .It RSAAuthentication
482 .It ServerAliveInterval
483 .It ServerAliveCountMax
485 .It StrictHostKeyChecking
489 .It UsePrivilegedPort
491 .It UserKnownHostsFile
497 Port to connect to on the remote host.
498 This can be specified on a
499 per-host basis in the configuration file.
502 Causes most warning and diagnostic messages to be suppressed.
505 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
506 .Ar port : host : hostport
509 Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to be
510 forwarded to the given host and port on the local side.
511 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
513 on the remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the
514 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is
519 from the local machine.
521 Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
522 Privileged ports can be forwarded only when
523 logging in as root on the remote machine.
524 IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square braces or
525 using an alternative syntax:
528 .Op Ar bind_address No /
529 .Ar host No / Ar port No /
534 By default, the listening socket on the server will be bound to the loopback
536 This may be overridden by specifying a
542 indicates that the remote socket should listen on all interfaces.
545 will only succeed if the server's
547 option is enabled (see
548 .Xr sshd_config 5 ) .
554 the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the server and reported
555 to the client at run time.
557 Specifies the location of a control socket for connection sharing.
558 Refer to the description of
566 May be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system.
567 Subsystems are a feature of the SSH2 protocol which facilitate the use
568 of SSH as a secure transport for other applications (eg.\&
570 The subsystem is specified as the remote command.
572 Disable pseudo-tty allocation.
574 Force pseudo-tty allocation.
575 This can be used to execute arbitrary
576 screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very useful,
577 e.g. when implementing menu services.
580 options force tty allocation, even if
584 Display the version number and exit.
589 to print debugging messages about its progress.
591 debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems.
594 options increase the verbosity.
597 .Ar local_tun Ns Op : Ns Ar remote_tun
601 device forwarding with the specified
603 devices between the client
608 The devices may be specified by numerical ID or the keyword
610 which uses the next available tunnel device.
613 is not specified, it defaults to
623 directive is unset, it is set to the default tunnel mode, which is
626 Enables X11 forwarding.
627 This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.
629 X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution.
630 Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host
631 (for the user's X authorization database)
632 can access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection.
633 An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring.
635 For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY extension
636 restrictions by default.
641 .Cm ForwardX11Trusted
644 for more information.
646 Disables X11 forwarding.
648 Enables trusted X11 forwarding.
649 Trusted X11 forwardings are not subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension
652 Send log information using the
655 By default this information is sent to stderr.
659 may additionally obtain configuration data from
660 a per-user configuration file and a system-wide configuration file.
661 The file format and configuration options are described in
665 exits with the exit status of the remote command or with 255
666 if an error occurred.
668 The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocols 1 and 2.
669 Protocol 2 is the default, with
671 falling back to protocol 1 if it detects protocol 2 is unsupported.
672 These settings may be altered using the
676 or enforced using the
681 Both protocols support similar authentication methods,
682 but protocol 2 is preferred since
683 it provides additional mechanisms for confidentiality
684 (the traffic is encrypted using AES, 3DES, Blowfish, CAST128, or Arcfour)
685 and integrity (hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, umac-64, hmac-ripemd160).
686 Protocol 1 lacks a strong mechanism for ensuring the
687 integrity of the connection.
689 The methods available for authentication are:
690 GSSAPI-based authentication,
691 host-based authentication,
692 public key authentication,
693 challenge-response authentication,
694 and password authentication.
695 Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above,
696 though protocol 2 has a configuration option to change the default order:
697 .Cm PreferredAuthentications .
699 Host-based authentication works as follows:
700 If the machine the user logs in from is listed in
703 .Pa /etc/shosts.equiv
704 on the remote machine, and the user names are
705 the same on both sides, or if the files
709 exist in the user's home directory on the
710 remote machine and contain a line containing the name of the client
711 machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is
712 considered for login.
713 Additionally, the server
715 be able to verify the client's
716 host key (see the description of
717 .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
719 .Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts ,
721 for login to be permitted.
722 This authentication method closes security holes due to IP
723 spoofing, DNS spoofing, and routing spoofing.
724 [Note to the administrator:
725 .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv ,
727 and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be
728 disabled if security is desired.]
730 Public key authentication works as follows:
731 The scheme is based on public-key cryptography,
733 where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys,
734 and it is unfeasible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key.
735 The idea is that each user creates a public/private
736 key pair for authentication purposes.
737 The server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key.
739 implements public key authentication protocol automatically,
740 using either the RSA or DSA algorithms.
741 Protocol 1 is restricted to using only RSA keys,
742 but protocol 2 may use either.
747 contains a brief discussion of the two algorithms.
750 .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
751 lists the public keys that are permitted for logging in.
752 When the user logs in, the
754 program tells the server which key pair it would like to use for
756 The client proves that it has access to the private key
757 and the server checks that the corresponding public key
758 is authorized to accept the account.
760 The user creates his/her key pair by running
762 This stores the private key in
770 and stores the public key in
771 .Pa ~/.ssh/identity.pub
773 .Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
776 .Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
778 in the user's home directory.
779 The user should then copy the public key
781 .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
782 in his/her home directory on the remote machine.
785 file corresponds to the conventional
787 file, and has one key
788 per line, though the lines can be very long.
789 After this, the user can log in without giving the password.
791 The most convenient way to use public key authentication may be with an
792 authentication agent.
795 for more information.
797 Challenge-response authentication works as follows:
798 The server sends an arbitrary
800 text, and prompts for a response.
801 Protocol 2 allows multiple challenges and responses;
802 protocol 1 is restricted to just one challenge/response.
803 Examples of challenge-response authentication include
804 BSD Authentication (see
806 and PAM (some non-OpenBSD systems).
808 Finally, if other authentication methods fail,
810 prompts the user for a password.
811 The password is sent to the remote
812 host for checking; however, since all communications are encrypted,
813 the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network.
816 automatically maintains and checks a database containing
817 identification for all hosts it has ever been used with.
818 Host keys are stored in
819 .Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
820 in the user's home directory.
821 Additionally, the file
822 .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
823 is automatically checked for known hosts.
824 Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file.
825 If a host's identification ever changes,
827 warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent
828 server spoofing or man-in-the-middle attacks,
829 which could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption.
831 .Cm StrictHostKeyChecking
832 option can be used to control logins to machines whose
833 host key is not known or has changed.
835 When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server
836 either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives
837 the user a normal shell on the remote machine.
838 All communication with
839 the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.
841 If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the
842 user may use the escape characters noted below.
844 If no pseudo-tty has been allocated,
845 the session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary data.
846 On most systems, setting the escape character to
848 will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used.
850 The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote
851 machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.
852 .Sh ESCAPE CHARACTERS
853 When a pseudo-terminal has been requested,
855 supports a number of functions through the use of an escape character.
857 A single tilde character can be sent as
859 or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below.
860 The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as
862 The escape character can be changed in configuration files using the
864 configuration directive or on the command line by the
868 The supported escapes (assuming the default
878 List forwarded connections.
882 at logout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions to terminate.
884 Display a list of escape characters.
886 Send a BREAK to the remote system
887 (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it).
890 Currently this allows the addition of port forwardings using the
896 It also allows the cancellation of existing remote port-forwardings
899 .Fl KR Oo Ar bind_address : Oc Ar port .
901 .Ic !\& Ns Ar command
902 allows the user to execute a local command if the
903 .Ic PermitLocalCommand
906 Basic help is available, using the
910 Request rekeying of the connection
911 (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it).
914 Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over the secure channel can
915 be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file.
916 One possible application of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a
917 mail server; another is going through firewalls.
919 In the example below, we look at encrypting communication between
920 an IRC client and server, even though the IRC server does not directly
921 support encrypted communications.
922 This works as follows:
923 the user connects to the remote host using
925 specifying a port to be used to forward connections
926 to the remote server.
927 After that it is possible to start the service which is to be encrypted
928 on the client machine,
929 connecting to the same local port,
932 will encrypt and forward the connection.
934 The following example tunnels an IRC session from client machine
938 .Dq server.example.com :
939 .Bd -literal -offset 4n
940 $ ssh -f -L 1234:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10
941 $ irc -c '#users' -p 1234 pinky 127.0.0.1
944 This tunnels a connection to IRC server
945 .Dq server.example.com ,
951 It doesn't matter which port is used,
952 as long as it's greater than 1023
953 (remember, only root can open sockets on privileged ports)
954 and doesn't conflict with any ports already in use.
955 The connection is forwarded to port 6667 on the remote server,
956 since that's the standard port for IRC services.
962 and the remote command
964 is specified to allow an amount of time
965 (10 seconds, in the example)
966 to start the service which is to be tunnelled.
967 If no connections are made within the time specified,
975 (or see the description of the
981 and the user is using X11 (the
983 environment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is
984 automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11
985 programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the
986 encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made
987 from the local machine.
988 The user should not manually set
990 Forwarding of X11 connections can be
991 configured on the command line or in configuration files.
997 will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater than zero.
998 This is normal, and happens because
1002 X server on the server machine for forwarding the
1003 connections over the encrypted channel.
1006 will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine.
1007 For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie,
1008 store it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded
1009 connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when
1010 the connection is opened.
1011 The real authentication cookie is never
1012 sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain).
1018 (or see the description of the
1023 the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent
1024 is automatically forwarded to the remote side.
1025 .Sh VERIFYING HOST KEYS
1026 When connecting to a server for the first time,
1027 a fingerprint of the server's public key is presented to the user
1029 .Cm StrictHostKeyChecking
1031 Fingerprints can be determined using
1034 .Dl $ ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
1036 If the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched
1037 and the key can be accepted or rejected.
1038 Because of the difficulty of comparing host keys
1039 just by looking at hex strings,
1040 there is also support to compare host keys visually,
1047 a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to a server, no matter
1048 if the session itself is interactive or not.
1049 By learning the pattern a known server produces, a user can easily
1050 find out that the host key has changed when a completely different pattern
1052 Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that looks
1053 similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the
1054 host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.
1056 To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for
1057 all known hosts, the following command line can be used:
1059 .Dl $ ssh-keygen -lv -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts
1061 If the fingerprint is unknown,
1062 an alternative method of verification is available:
1063 SSH fingerprints verified by DNS.
1064 An additional resource record (RR),
1066 is added to a zonefile
1067 and the connecting client is able to match the fingerprint
1068 with that of the key presented.
1070 In this example, we are connecting a client to a server,
1071 .Dq host.example.com .
1072 The SSHFP resource records should first be added to the zonefile for
1074 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1075 $ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.
1078 The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile.
1079 To check that the zone is answering fingerprint queries:
1081 .Dl $ dig -t SSHFP host.example.com
1083 Finally the client connects:
1084 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1085 $ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com
1087 Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS.
1088 Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
1092 .Cm VerifyHostKeyDNS
1095 for more information.
1096 .Sh SSH-BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
1098 contains support for Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnelling
1101 network pseudo-device,
1102 allowing two networks to be joined securely.
1105 configuration option
1107 controls whether the server supports this,
1108 and at what level (layer 2 or 3 traffic).
1110 The following example would connect client network 10.0.50.0/24
1111 with remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-to-point connection
1112 from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2,
1113 provided that the SSH server running on the gateway to the remote network,
1114 at 192.168.1.15, allows it.
1117 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1118 # ssh -f -w 0:1 192.168.1.15 true
1119 # ifconfig tun0 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.252
1120 # route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2
1124 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1125 # ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252
1126 # route add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1
1129 Client access may be more finely tuned via the
1130 .Pa /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
1131 file (see below) and the
1134 The following entry would permit connections on
1138 and on tun device 2 from user
1143 .Dq forced-commands-only :
1144 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1145 tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane
1146 tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john
1149 Since an SSH-based setup entails a fair amount of overhead,
1150 it may be more suited to temporary setups,
1151 such as for wireless VPNs.
1152 More permanent VPNs are better provided by tools such as
1158 will normally set the following environment variables:
1159 .Bl -tag -width "SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND"
1163 variable indicates the location of the X11 server.
1164 It is automatically set by
1166 to point to a value of the form
1170 indicates the host where the shell runs, and
1172 is an integer \*(Ge 1.
1174 uses this special value to forward X11 connections over the secure
1176 The user should normally not set
1179 will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to
1180 manually copy any required authorization cookies).
1182 Set to the path of the user's home directory.
1186 set for compatibility with systems that use this variable.
1188 Set to the path of the user's mailbox.
1192 as specified when compiling
1197 needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current
1198 terminal if it was run from a terminal.
1201 does not have a terminal associated with it but
1205 are set, it will execute the program specified by
1207 and open an X11 window to read the passphrase.
1208 This is particularly useful when calling
1213 (Note that on some machines it
1214 may be necessary to redirect the input from
1217 .It Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK
1218 Identifies the path of a
1220 socket used to communicate with the agent.
1221 .It Ev SSH_CONNECTION
1222 Identifies the client and server ends of the connection.
1223 The variable contains
1224 four space-separated values: client IP address, client port number,
1225 server IP address, and server port number.
1226 .It Ev SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND
1227 This variable contains the original command line if a forced command
1229 It can be used to extract the original arguments.
1231 This is set to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated
1232 with the current shell or command.
1233 If the current session has no tty,
1234 this variable is not set.
1236 This variable is set to indicate the present time zone if it
1237 was set when the daemon was started (i.e. the daemon passes the value
1238 on to new connections).
1240 Set to the name of the user logging in.
1246 .Pa ~/.ssh/environment ,
1247 and adds lines of the format
1249 to the environment if the file exists and users are allowed to
1250 change their environment.
1251 For more information, see the
1252 .Cm PermitUserEnvironment
1256 .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
1258 This file is used for host-based authentication (see above).
1259 On some machines this file may need to be
1260 world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition,
1264 Additionally, this file must be owned by the user,
1265 and must not have write permissions for anyone else.
1267 permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not
1268 accessible by others.
1271 This file is used in exactly the same way as
1273 but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
1277 This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration
1278 and authentication information.
1279 There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory
1280 secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user,
1281 and not accessible by others.
1283 .It ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
1284 Lists the public keys (RSA/DSA) that can be used for logging in as this user.
1285 The format of this file is described in the
1288 This file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended
1289 permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
1292 This is the per-user configuration file.
1293 The file format and configuration options are described in
1295 Because of the potential for abuse, this file must have strict permissions:
1296 read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
1298 .It ~/.ssh/environment
1299 Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see
1306 Contains the private key for authentication.
1308 contain sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not
1309 accessible by others (read/write/execute).
1311 will simply ignore a private key file if it is accessible by others.
1312 It is possible to specify a passphrase when
1313 generating the key which will be used to encrypt the
1314 sensitive part of this file using 3DES.
1316 .It ~/.ssh/identity.pub
1317 .It ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
1318 .It ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
1319 Contains the public key for authentication.
1321 sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone.
1323 .It ~/.ssh/known_hosts
1324 Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into
1325 that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys.
1328 for further details of the format of this file.
1331 Commands in this file are executed by
1333 when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is
1337 manual page for more information.
1339 .It /etc/hosts.equiv
1340 This file is for host-based authentication (see above).
1341 It should only be writable by root.
1343 .It /etc/shosts.equiv
1344 This file is used in exactly the same way as
1346 but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
1349 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_config
1350 Systemwide configuration file.
1351 The file format and configuration options are described in
1354 .It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
1355 .It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
1356 .It /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
1357 These three files contain the private parts of the host keys
1358 and are used for host-based authentication.
1359 If protocol version 1 is used,
1361 must be setuid root, since the host key is readable only by root.
1362 For protocol version 2,
1366 to access the host keys,
1367 eliminating the requirement that
1369 be setuid root when host-based authentication is used.
1374 .It /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
1375 Systemwide list of known host keys.
1376 This file should be prepared by the
1377 system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the
1379 It should be world-readable.
1382 for further details of the format of this file.
1385 Commands in this file are executed by
1387 when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.
1390 manual page for more information.
1406 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers"
1411 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture"
1416 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol"
1421 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1426 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol"
1431 .%T "Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints"
1436 .%T "Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH)"
1441 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break Extension"
1446 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes"
1451 .%T "Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1456 .%T "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1461 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format"
1465 .%T "Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve Real-World Security"
1469 .%O "International Workshop on Cryptographic Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99)"
1472 OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
1473 ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
1474 Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
1475 Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
1476 removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
1478 Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
1479 protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.
tuxillo's projects / dragonfly.git / blob