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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
36 .Nd layout of filesystems
38 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
41 root directory of the filesystem
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
53 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
58 files related to compatibility layers
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact
67 block and character device files
69 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
71 file descriptor files;
76 system configuration files and scripts
78 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
80 bluetooth configuration files
82 default system configuration files;
89 local timezone information;
93 Sendmail control files
95 mtree configuration files;
99 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
102 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
107 ppp configuration files;
111 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
115 OpenSSH configuration files;
119 OpenSSL configuration files
121 Files relevant to system upgrades
123 uucp configuration files;
128 HOME directories of non-root users
130 empty directory commonly used by
131 system administrators as a temporary mount point
133 pseudo file system directory (on
142 root's HOME directory
144 system programs and administration utilities
145 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
147 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
150 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
152 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
154 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
156 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
161 collection (optional).
163 useful and semi-frivolous programs
165 standard C include files
167 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
169 C include files for Internet service protocols
173 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
175 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
177 The SCSI device on top of CAM
181 C include files for programming various
185 Include Files for various emulation layers
188 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
195 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
201 C include files for libmilter,
202 the sendmail mail filter API
204 C include files for libprop
206 machine-specific C include files
210 misc network C include files
216 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
220 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
224 kernel key-management service
232 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
234 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
236 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
242 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
244 get a line from a user, with editing;
248 remote procedure calls;
252 definition of RPC service structures; see
258 system C include files (kernel data structures)
260 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
262 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
282 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
284 a.out archive libraries
286 shared libraries for compatibility
288 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
290 a.out backward compatibility libraries
293 OpenSSL dynamic engines
297 misc. utility data files
299 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
301 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils222/" -compact
304 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
313 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
321 utilities and filters for LP print system;
331 restricted shell for sendmail;
341 local executables, libraries, etc.
342 Also used as the default destination for the
348 the general layout sketched out by
359 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
362 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
368 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
372 default destination directory for the
377 the general layout sketched out by
384 directory (directly under
389 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
397 collection (optional).
399 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
401 architecture-independent files
403 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
405 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
413 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
415 words from Webster's 2nd International
425 miscellaneous documentation
427 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
429 License files for vendor supplied firmware
433 various examples for users and programmers
435 ASCII text files used by various games
437 device description file for device name
439 internationalization databases; see
442 GNU Info hypertext system
444 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
452 macros for use with the me macro package;
456 misc system-wide ASCII text files
458 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
460 terminal characteristics database;
470 national language support files;
475 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
481 sendmail configuration files;
485 example . (dot) files for new accounts
490 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
498 console keyboard maps;
508 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
517 text processing macros;
523 localization support and utilities for
526 timezone configuration information;
533 third-party, and/or local source files
535 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
537 source code for files in
540 source code for contributed software
542 source code for contributed cryptography software
544 source code for files in
547 source code for files in
550 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
552 source code for files in
555 source code for files in
558 source code for files in
561 files required to produce a
565 source code for files in
568 build directory for files in
576 tools used for maintenance and testing of
579 source code for files in
582 source code for files in
587 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
589 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
591 system accounting files
593 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
595 execution accounting file;
601 timed command scheduling files;
605 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
607 directory containing job files
609 directory containing output spool files
615 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
624 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
632 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
634 empty directory used by
636 for privilege separation
638 misc. game status and score files
640 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
644 misc. system log files
646 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
656 system messages database;
660 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
665 filesystem quota information files
667 system information files describing various info about
668 system since it was booted
670 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
674 group for command connection sockets; see
677 database of current users;
690 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
692 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
694 undelivered submission mail queue;
698 undelivered mail queue;
704 the anonymous ftp root directory
706 undelivered mail queue;
710 line printer spooling directories
716 public uucp temporary directory
720 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
722 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
724 the directory where recovery files are stored
732 This manual page documents the default
734 filesystem layout, but
735 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
736 administrator's discretion.
737 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
752 manual page appeared in