1 .TH GROFF_CHAR @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "Groff Version @VERSION@"
3 groff_char \- groff character names
5 .\" The lines above were designed to satisfy `apropos'.
7 .\" For best results, format this document with `groff' (GNU roff).
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12 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
17 This file is part of groff (GNU roff).
19 File position: <groff_src_top>/man/groff_char.man
20 Last update: 20 July 2002
22 Copyright (C) 1989-2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
23 written by Werner Lemberg <wl@gnu.org>
24 with additions by Bernd Warken <bwarken@mayn.de>
26 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
27 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
28 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
29 Invariant Sections being this .ig-section and AUTHOR, with no
30 Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
32 A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called
33 FDL in the main directory of the groff source package.
36 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
38 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
41 .if \n(.g .mso www.tmac
48 .if !\n(.g .if '\(aq'' .ds aq \'
55 . \" This is very special. The standard devdvi fonts don't have a
56 . \" real `aq' glyph; it is defined with .char to be ' instead.
57 . \" The .tr request below in the definition of the C macro maps
58 . \" the apostrophe ' onto the `aq' glyph which would cause a
59 . \" recursive loop. gtroff prevents this within the .char
60 . \" request, trying to access glyph `aq' directly from the font.
61 . \" Consequently, we get a warning, and nothing is printed.
63 . \" The following line prevents this.
67 . \" The same is true for X
70 . if '\*[dev]'X' .ds aq \'
73 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
74 .\" .Ac accented-char accent char (groff)
78 \k[acc]\h'(u;-\w'\\$2'-\w'\\$3'/2+\\\\n[skw]+(\w'x'*0)-\\\\n[skw])'\
79 \v'(u;\w'x'*0+\\\\n[rst]+(\w'\\$3'*0)-\\\\n[rst])'\\$2\
80 \v'(u;\w'x'*0-\\\\n[rst]+(\w'\\$3'*0)+\\\\n[rst])'\h'|\\\\n[acc]u'
87 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
89 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
92 .ta \w'\fIOutput'u+\n(Spu \
93 +\w'\fIInput'u+\n(Spu \
94 +\w'\fIInput'u+\n(Spu \
95 +\w'periodcentered'u+\n(Spu
97 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
99 . C \\$1 "" \\$1 \\$2 "\\$3"
102 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
104 . C \e\\$1 "" \\\\\\$1 \\$2 "\\$3"
107 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
111 . C \e[\\$1] "" \[\\$1] \\$2 "\\$3"
115 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
119 . C \e(\\$1 "" \\(\\$1 \\$2 "\\$3"
122 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
126 . C \[char\\$1] \\$1 \[char\\$1] \\$2 "\\$3"
129 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
130 .do if !r ECFONTS .do fspecial CR R
132 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
133 .\" input-name decimal-code output-name ps-name description
149 . nop \&\\$3\t\\*[CH]\t\\$2\t\\$4\t\\$5
153 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
169 \&\\$3\t\\*(CH\t\\$2\t\\$4\t\\$5
173 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
179 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
184 Output Input Input PostScript Notes
190 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
192 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
194 This manual page lists the standard
198 The output characters in this document will look different depending
199 on which output device was chosen (with option
203 program or the roff formatter).
205 Only the characters that are available for the device that
206 is being used to print or view this manual page will be
207 .ie \n(.g displayed (the device currently used is `\*(.T').
212 In the actual version,
214 provides only 8-bit characters for direct input and named characters
217 On ASCII platforms, character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal)
218 represent the usual 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127
219 and 255 are interpreted as the corresponding characters in the
224 On EBCDIC platforms, only the code page
226 is supported (which contains the same characters as Latin-1).
228 It is rather straightforward (for the experienced user) to set up other
233 will use Unicode in the next major version, no additional encodings
238 All roff systems provide the concept of named characters.
240 In traditional roff systems, only names of length\ 2 were used, while
241 groff also provides support for longer names.
243 It is strongly suggested that only named characters are used for all
244 characters outside of the 7-bit ASCII range.
248 Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length\ 1)
249 also produce single characters; these exist for historical reasons or
250 are printable versions of syntactical characters.
261 .BR groff (@MAN7EXT@).
265 In groff, all of these different types of characters can be tested
271 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
273 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
275 In this section, the characters in groff are specified in tabular
278 The meaning of the columns is as follows.
283 shows how the character is printed for the current device; although
284 this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it always
285 represents the same glyph.
290 specifies how the character is input either directly by a key on the
291 keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
296 applies to characters which can be input with a single character, and
297 gives the ISO Latin-1 decimal code of that input character.
299 Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode characters;
300 (including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to\ 127).
305 gives the usual PostScript name of the output character.
308 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
309 .SS "ASCII Characters"
310 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
312 These are the basic characters having 7-bit ASCII code values.
314 These are identical to the first 127 characters of the character
315 standards ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) and Unicode (range
316 .IR "C0 Controls and Basic Latin" ).
318 To save space, not every code has an entry in the following because
319 the following code ranges are well known.
323 Control characters (print as themselves).
327 Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
331 Upper case letters A\-Z (print as themselves).
335 Lower case letters a\-z (print as themselves).
339 Control character (prints as itself).
342 The remaining ranges constitute the printable, non-alphanumeric ASCII
343 characters; only these are listed below.
345 As can be seen in the table below, most of these characters print as
346 themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:
350 the ISO Latin-1 `Grave Accent' (code\ 96) prints as `, a left single
355 the ISO Latin-1 `Apostrophe' (code\ 39) prints as ', a right single
356 quotation mark; the corresponding ISO Latin-1 characters can be obtained
364 the ISO Latin-1 `Hyphen, Minus Sign' (code\ 45) prints as a hyphen; a
365 minus sign can be obtained with
370 the ISO Latin-1 `Tilde' (code\ 126); a larger glyph can be obtained
376 the ISO Latin-1 `Circumflex Accent' (code\ 94); a larger glyph can be
382 .if !\n[cR] .wh \n(nlu+\n(.tu-\n(.Vu Fo
409 .CD 94 circumflex "circumflex accent"
415 .CD 126 tilde "tilde accent"
419 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
420 .SS "Latin-1 Special Characters"
421 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
423 These characters have character codes between 128 and\ 255.
425 They are interpreted as characters according to the
428 code set, being identical to the Unicode range
429 .IR "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement" .
434 the C1 Controls; they print as themselves, but the effect is mostly
444 the escaped space character.
449 the soft hyphen control character (prints as itself).
451 groff never use this character for output (thus it is omitted in the table
452 below); the input character\ 173 is mapped onto
457 The remaining ranges (161\-172, 174\-255), called the
458 .I Latin-1 Supplement
459 in Unicode, are printable characters that print as themselves.
461 Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems
462 with a Latin-1 code page, it is better to use their named character
463 equivalent; see next section.
467 .if !\n[cR] .wh \n(nlu+\n(.tu-\n(.Vu Fo
469 .CD 161 exclamdown "inverted exclamation mark"
479 .CD 171 guillemotleft
486 .CD 179 threesuperior
487 .CD 180 acute "acute accent"
488 .CD 181 mu "micro sign"
490 .CD 183 periodcentered
494 .CD 187 guillemotright
497 .CD 190 threequarters
566 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
567 .SS "Named Characters"
568 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
570 The named character idiom is the standard way to specify special
571 characters in roff systems.
573 They can be embedded into the document text by using escape sequences.
575 .BR groff (@MAN7EXT@)
576 describes how these escape sequences look.
578 The character names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the
579 ASCII or Latin-1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters.
585 named character having the name
587 which consists of a single character (length\ 1).
591 named character having the 2-character name
596 named character having the name
598 (having length 1, 2, 3, .\|.\|.).
602 In groff, each 8bit input character can also referred to by the construct
606 is the decimal code of the character, a number between 0 and\ 255
607 without leading zeros.
609 They are mapped onto glyph entities using the
613 Moreover, new character names can be created by the
616 .BR groff (@MAN7EXT@).
620 .\" we don't use the third column
621 .ta \w'\fIOutput'u+\n(Spu \
622 +\w'\fIInput'u+\n(Spu-1n \
624 +\w'periodcentered'u+\n(Spu
625 .if !\n[cR] .wh \n(nlu+\n(.tu-\n(.Vu Fo
630 Output Input PostScript Notes
636 .C2 -D Eth "Icelandic uppercase eth"
637 .C2 Sd eth "Icelandic lowercase eth"
638 .C2 TP Thorn "Icelandic uppercase thorn"
639 .C2 Tp thorn "Icelandic lowercase thorn"
640 .C2 ss germandbls "German sharp s"
644 .C2 ff ff "ff ligature"
645 .C2 fi fi "fi ligature"
646 .C2 fl fl "fl ligature"
647 .C2 Fi ffi "ffi ligature"
648 .C2 Fl ffl "ffl ligature"
653 .C2 IJ IJ "Dutch IJ ligature"
654 .C2 ij ij "Dutch ij ligature"
655 .C2 .i dotlessi "i without a dot (Turkish)"
656 .C2 .j dotlessj "j without a dot"
659 .I Accented Characters
674 .C2 :A Adieresis "A with umlaut"
718 .C2 /L Lslash "Polish L with a slash"
719 .C2 /l lslash "Polish l with a slash"
720 .C2 /O Oslash "Scandinavic slashed O"
721 .C2 /o oslash "Scandinavic slashed o"
727 .C2 a" hungarumlaut "Hungarian umlaut"\""
728 .C2 a- macron "macron or bar accent"
729 .C2 a. dotaccent "dot accent"
730 .C2 a^ circumflex "circumflex accent"
731 .C2 aa acute "acute accent"
732 .C2 ga grave "grave accent"
733 .C2 ab breve "breve accent"
734 .C2 ac cedilla "cedilla accent"
735 .C2 ad dieresis "umlaut or dieresis"
736 .C2 ah caron "h\('a\(vcek accent"
737 .C2 ao ring "ring or circle accent"
738 .C2 a~ tilde "tilde accent"
739 .C2 ho ogonek "hook or ogonek accent"
740 .C2 ha asciicircum "\s-2ASCII\s+2 circumflex, hat, caret"
741 .C2 ti asciitilde "\s-2ASCII\s0 tilde, large tilde"
745 .C2 Bq quotedblbase "low double comma quote"
746 .C2 bq quotesinglbase "low single comma quote"
749 .C2 oq quoteleft "single open quote"
750 .C2 cq quoteright "single closing quote (ASCII 39)"
751 .C2 aq quotesingle "apostrophe quote"
752 .C2 dq quotedbl "double quote (ASCII 34)"
754 .C2 Fc guillemotright
756 .C2 fc guilsinglright
762 .C2 em emdash "em dash"
763 .C2 en endash "en dash"
772 .C2 la angleleft "left angle bracket"
773 .C2 ra angleright "right angle bracket"
779 .C2 <> arrowboth "horizontal double-headed arrow"
782 .C2 va arrowupdn "vertical double-headed arrow"
785 .C2 hA arrowdblboth "horizontal double-headed double arrow"
788 .C2 vA \& "vertical double-headed double arrow"
789 .C2 an arrowhorizex "horizontal arrow extension"
796 .C2 br br "box rule with traditional troff metrics"
797 .C2 ru ru "baseline rule"
798 .C2 ul ul "underline with traditional troff metrics"
799 .C2 bv bv "bar vertical"
808 .C2 dd daggerdbl "double dagger sign"
818 .C2 CR carriagereturn "carriage return symbol"
819 .C2 OK a19 "check mark, tick"
826 .C2 bs bell "AT&T Bell Labs logo (not used in groff)"
832 .C2 eu \& "official Euro symbol"
833 .C2 Eu Euro "font-specific Euro glyph variant"
835 .C2 Po sterling "British currency sign"
836 .C2 Cs currency "Scandinavian currency sign"
837 .C2 Fn florin "Dutch currency sign"
842 .C2 %0 perthousand "per thousand, per mille sign"
843 .C2 fm minute "footmark, prime"
845 .C2 mc mu "micro sign"
854 .C2 te existential "there exists, existential quantifier"
855 .C2 fa universal "for all, universal quantifier"
861 .I Mathematical Symbols
869 .C2 pl plusmath "plus sign in special font"
870 .C1 - minus "minus sign from current font"
873 .CN t+- plusminus "text variant of `+-'"
874 .C2 pc periodcentered "multiplication dot"
877 .CN tmu multiply "text variant of `mu'"
878 .C2 c* circlemultiply "multiply sign in a circle"
879 .C2 c+ circleplus "plus sign in a circle"
880 .C2 di divide "division sign"
881 .CN tdi divide "text variant of `di'"
882 .C2 f/ fraction "bar for fractions"
887 .C2 << \& "much less"
888 .C2 >> \& "much greater"
890 .C2 eq equalmath "equals sign in special font"
902 .C2 nc notpropersuperset
903 .C2 ne notequivalence
905 .C2 sp propersuperset
907 .C2 ip reflexsuperset
908 .C2 ca intersection "intersection, cap"
909 .C2 cu union "union, cup"
917 .C2 sr radical "square root"
918 .C2 rn \& overline "continuation of square root"
922 .C2 Im Ifraktur "Gothic I, imaginary"
923 .C2 Re Rfraktur "Gothic R, real"
924 .C2 wp weierstrass "Weierstrass p"
925 .C2 pd partialdiff "partial differentiation sign"
959 .C2 +f phi1 "variant phi"
962 .C2 +h theta1 "variant theta"
970 .C2 +p omega1 "variant pi, looking like omega"
980 .C2 ts sigma1 "terminal sigma"
984 .C2 CL club "club suit"
985 .C2 SP spade "spade suit"
986 .C2 HE heart "heart suit"
987 .C2 DI diamond "diamond suit"
991 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
993 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
995 Copyright \(co 1989-2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
998 This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free
999 Documentation License) version 1.1 or later.
1001 You should have received a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also
1002 available on-line at the
1004 . URL http://\:www.gnu.org/\:copyleft/\:fdl.html "GNU copyleft site" .
1005 .el GNU copyleft site <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>.
1008 This document is part of
1010 the GNU roff distribution.
1014 . MTO jjc@jclark.com "James Clark"
1015 .el James Clark <jjc@jclark.com>
1018 . MTO wl@gnu.org "Werner Lemberg"
1019 .el Werner Lemberg <wl@gnu.org>
1022 . MTO bwarken@mayn.de "Bernd Warken" .
1023 .el Bernd Warken <bwarken@mayn.de>.
1026 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
1028 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
1031 .BR groff (@MAN1EXT@)
1032 the GNU roff formatter.
1035 .BR groff (@MAN7EXT@)
1036 a short reference of the groff formatting language.
1040 .IR "An extension to the troff character set for Europe" ,
1041 E.G. Keizer, K.J. Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9,
1046 .ie \n(.g .URL http://\:www.unicode.org "The Unicode Standard"
1047 .el The Unicode Standard <http://www.unicode.org>
1049 .\" --------------------------------------------------------------------
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1052 .\" Local Variables: