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28 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
36 .Nd layout of filesystems
38 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
39 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
41 root directory of the filesystem
43 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
45 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
47 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
49 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
52 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
53 at boot time) and loadable kernel modules;
58 files related to compatibility layers
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ndis/" -compact
67 block and character device files
69 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
71 file descriptor files;
76 system configuration files and scripts
78 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
80 bluetooth configuration files
82 default system configuration files;
89 local timezone information;
93 Sendmail control files
95 mtree configuration files;
99 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
102 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
107 ppp configuration files;
111 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
115 OpenSSH configuration files;
119 OpenSSL configuration files
121 Files relevant to system upgrades
123 uucp configuration files;
128 HOME directories of non-root users
130 empty directory commonly used by
131 system administrators as a temporary mount point
133 pseudo file system directory (on
142 root's HOME directory
144 system programs and administration utilities
145 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
147 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
150 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
152 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
154 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
156 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
161 collection (optional).
163 useful and semi-frivolous programs
165 standard C include files
167 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
169 C include files for Internet service protocols
173 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
175 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
177 The SCSI device on top of CAM
181 C include files for programming various
185 Include Files for various emulation layers
188 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
195 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
201 C include files for libmilter,
202 the sendmail mail filter API
204 C include files for libprop
206 machine-specific C include files
210 misc network C include files
216 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
220 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
224 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
226 kernel key-management service
234 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
236 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
238 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
244 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
246 get a line from a user, with editing;
250 remote procedure calls;
254 definition of RPC service structures; see
260 system C include files (kernel data structures)
262 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
264 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
284 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
286 a.out archive libraries
288 shared libraries for compatibility
290 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
292 a.out backward compatibility libraries
295 OpenSSL dynamic engines
299 misc. utility data files
301 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
303 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils222/" -compact
306 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
315 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
323 utilities and filters for LP print system;
333 restricted shell for sendmail;
343 local executables, libraries, etc.
344 Also used as the default destination for the
350 the general layout sketched out by
361 .Pa local/share/ Ns Pc ,
364 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
370 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
374 default destination directory for the
379 the general layout sketched out by
386 directory (directly under
391 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
399 collection (optional).
401 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
403 architecture-independent files
405 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
407 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
415 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
417 words from Webster's 2nd International
427 miscellaneous documentation
429 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact
431 License files for vendor supplied firmware
435 various examples for users and programmers
437 ASCII text files used by various games
439 device description file for device name
441 internationalization databases; see
444 GNU Info hypertext system
446 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
454 macros for use with the me macro package;
458 misc system-wide ASCII text files
460 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
462 terminal characteristics database;
472 national language support files;
477 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
483 sendmail configuration files;
487 example . (dot) files for new accounts
492 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
500 console keyboard maps;
510 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
519 text processing macros;
525 localization support and utilities for
528 timezone configuration information;
535 third-party, and/or local source files
537 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
539 source code for files in
542 source code for contributed software
544 source code for contributed cryptography software
546 source code for files in
549 source code for files in
552 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
554 source code for files in
557 source code for files in
560 source code for files in
563 files required to produce a
567 source code for files in
570 build directory for files in
578 tools used for maintenance and testing of
581 source code for files in
584 source code for files in
589 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
591 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
593 system accounting files
595 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
597 execution accounting file;
603 timed command scheduling files;
607 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
609 directory containing job files
611 directory containing output spool files
617 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
626 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
634 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
636 empty directory used by
638 for privilege separation
640 misc. game status and score files
642 per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for
646 misc. system log files
648 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
658 system messages database;
662 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
667 filesystem quota information files
669 system information files describing various info about
670 system since it was booted
672 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
676 group for command connection sockets; see
679 database of current users;
692 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
694 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
696 undelivered submission mail queue;
700 undelivered mail queue;
706 the anonymous ftp root directory
708 undelivered mail queue;
712 line printer spooling directories
718 public uucp temporary directory
722 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
724 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
726 the directory where recovery files are stored
734 This manual page documents the default
736 filesystem layout, but
737 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
738 administrator's discretion.
739 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
754 manual page appeared in