1 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
60 loadable kernel modules;
65 block and character device files
67 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact
69 script for creating device files;
73 file descriptor files;
78 system configuration files and scripts
80 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
82 bluetooth configuration files
84 default system configuration files;
95 isdn4bsd configuration files;
99 local timezone information;
103 Sendmail control files
105 mtree configuration files;
109 named configuration files;
113 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
116 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
121 ppp configuration files;
125 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
129 OpenSSH configuration files;
133 OpenSSL configuration files
135 Files relevant to system upgrades
137 uucp configuration files;
142 HOME directories of non-root users
144 empty directory commonly used by
145 system administrators as a temporary mount point
152 root's HOME directory
154 system programs and administration utilities
155 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
157 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
160 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
162 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
164 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
166 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
168 useful and semi-frivolous programs
170 standard C include files
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
174 C include files for Internet service protocols
178 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
180 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
182 The SCSI device on top of CAM
186 C include files for programming various
190 Include Files for various emulation layers
193 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
199 ISC utility library libisc include files
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
208 C include files for libmilter,
209 the sendmail mail filter API
211 machine-specific C include files
215 misc network C include files
223 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
227 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
231 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
233 kernel key-management service
243 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
245 Objective C include files
247 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
249 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
255 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
257 get a line from a user, with editing;
261 remote procedure calls;
265 definition of RPC service structures; see
271 system C include files (kernel data structures)
273 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
275 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
295 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
297 a.out archive libraries
299 shared libraries for compatibility
301 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
303 a.out backward compatibility libraries
308 misc. utility data files
310 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
312 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
316 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
322 various prebuilt lint libraries;
326 Character set conversion tables
328 holds the download firmware images
332 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
334 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
337 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
345 utilities and filters for LP print system;
355 restricted shell for sendmail;
365 local executables, libraries, etc.
368 the general layout sketched out by
375 directory (directly under
380 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
386 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
390 default destination directory for the
395 the general layout sketched out by
402 directory (directly under
407 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
415 collection (optional).
417 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
419 architecture-independent files
421 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
423 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
431 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
433 words from Webster's 2nd International
443 various examples for users and programmers
445 ASCII text files used by various games
447 device description file for device name
449 internationalization databases; see
452 GNU Info hypertext system
456 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
464 macros for use with the me macro package;
468 misc system-wide ASCII text files
470 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
472 terminal characteristics database;
482 national language support files;
487 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
493 sendmail configuration files;
497 example . (dot) files for new accounts
502 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
510 console keyboard maps;
520 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
525 text processing macros;
531 localization support and utilities for
534 timezone configuration information;
541 third-party, and/or local source files
543 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
545 source code for files in
548 source code for contributed software
550 source code for contributed cryptography software
552 source code for files in
555 source code for files in
558 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
560 source code for files in
563 source code for kerberos version 5
565 source code for files in
568 source code for files in
571 files required to produce a
575 source code for files in
578 build directory for files in
586 tools used for maintenance and testing of
589 source code for files in
592 source code for files in
597 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
599 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
601 system accounting files
603 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
605 execution accounting file;
611 timed command scheduling files;
615 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
617 directory containing job files
619 directory containing output spool files
625 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
634 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
642 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
644 empty directory used by
646 for privilege separation
648 misc. game status and score files
650 kerberos server databases; see
653 misc. system log files
655 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
665 system messages database;
669 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
674 filesystem quota information files
676 system information files describing various info about
677 system since it was booted
679 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
683 group for command connection sockets; see
686 database of current users;
699 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
701 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
703 undelivered submission mail queue;
707 undelivered mail queue;
713 the anonymous ftp root directory
715 undelivered mail queue;
719 line printer spooling directories
725 public uucp temporary directory
729 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
731 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
733 the directory where recovery files are stored
741 This manual page documents the default
743 filesystem layout, but
744 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
745 administrator's discretion.
746 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
761 manual page appeared in