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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.25 2008/09/06 10:25:04 thomas Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
60 loadable kernel modules;
65 block and character device files
67 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact
69 script for creating device files;
73 file descriptor files;
78 system configuration files and scripts
80 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
82 bluetooth configuration files
84 default system configuration files;
95 isdn4bsd configuration files;
99 local timezone information;
103 Sendmail control files
105 mtree configuration files;
109 named configuration files;
113 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
116 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
121 ppp configuration files;
125 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
129 OpenSSH configuration files;
133 OpenSSL configuration files
135 Files relevant to system upgrades
137 uucp configuration files;
142 HOME directories of non-root users
144 empty directory commonly used by
145 system administrators as a temporary mount point
152 root's HOME directory
154 system programs and administration utilities
155 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
157 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
160 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
162 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
164 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
166 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
168 useful and semi-frivolous programs
170 standard C include files
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
174 C include files for Internet service protocols
178 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
180 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
182 The SCSI device on top of CAM
186 C include files for programming various
190 Include Files for various emulation layers
193 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
199 ISC utility library libisc include files
202 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
208 C include files for libmilter,
209 the sendmail mail filter API
211 machine-specific C include files
215 misc network C include files
223 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
227 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
231 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
233 kernel key-management service
243 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
245 Objective C include files
247 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
251 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
253 get a line from a user, with editing;
257 remote procedure calls;
261 definition of RPC service structures; see
267 system C include files (kernel data structures)
269 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
271 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
291 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
293 a.out archive libraries
295 shared libraries for compatibility
297 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
299 a.out backward compatibility libraries
304 misc. utility data files
306 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
308 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
312 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
318 various prebuilt lint libraries;
322 Character set conversion tables
324 holds the download firmware images
328 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
330 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
333 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
341 utilities and filters for LP print system;
351 restricted shell for sendmail;
361 local executables, libraries, etc.
364 the general layout sketched out by
371 directory (directly under
376 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
382 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
386 default destination directory for the
391 the general layout sketched out by
396 Exceptions are the man directory (directly under
401 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
409 collection (optional).
411 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
413 architecture-independent files
415 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
417 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
425 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
427 words from Webster's 2nd International
437 various examples for users and programmers
439 ASCII text files used by various games
441 device description file for device name
443 internationalization databases; see
446 GNU Info hypertext system
450 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
458 macros for use with the me macro package;
462 misc system-wide ASCII text files
464 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
466 terminal characteristics database;
476 national language support files;
481 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
487 sendmail configuration files;
491 example . (dot) files for new accounts
496 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
504 console keyboard maps;
514 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
519 text processing macros;
525 localization support and utilities for
528 timezone configuration information;
535 third-party, and/or local source files
537 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
539 source code for files in
542 source code for contributed software
544 source code for contributed cryptography software
546 source code for files in
549 source code for files in
552 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
554 source code for files in
557 source code for kerberos version 5
559 source code for files in
562 source code for files in
565 files required to produce a
569 source code for files in
572 build directory for files in
580 tools used for maintenance and testing of
583 source code for files in
586 source code for files in
591 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
593 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
595 system accounting files
597 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
599 execution accounting file;
605 timed command scheduling files;
609 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
611 directory containing job files
613 directory containing output spool files
619 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
628 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
636 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
638 empty directory used by
640 for privilege separation
642 misc. game status and score files
644 kerberos server databases; see
647 misc. system log files
649 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
659 system messages database;
663 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
668 filesystem quota information files
670 system information files describing various info about
671 system since it was booted
673 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
677 group for command connection sockets; see
680 database of current users;
693 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
695 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
697 undelivered submission mail queue;
701 undelivered mail queue;
707 the anonymous ftp root directory
709 undelivered mail queue;
713 line printer spooling directories
719 public uucp temporary directory
723 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
725 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
727 the directory where recovery files are stored
735 This manual page documents the default
737 filesystem layout, but
738 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
739 administrator's discretion.
740 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
755 manual page appeared in