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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
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41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
58 block and character device files
60 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa MAKEDEV" -compact
62 script for creating device files;
66 file descriptor files;
71 system configuration files and scripts
73 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
75 bluetooth configuration files
77 default system configuration files;
85 isdn4bsd configuration files;
89 local timezone information;
93 Sendmail control files
95 mtree configuration files;
99 named configuration files;
103 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
106 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
111 ppp configuration files;
115 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
119 OpenSSH configuration files;
123 OpenSSL configuration files
125 Files relevant to system upgrades
127 uucp configuration files;
132 HOME directories of non-root users
134 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
137 empty directory commonly used by
138 system administrators as a temporary mount point
140 loadable kernel modules;
149 root's HOME directory
151 system programs and administration utilities
152 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
154 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
157 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
159 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
161 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
163 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
165 useful and semi-frivolous programs
167 standard C include files
169 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
171 C include files for Internet service protocols
175 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
177 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
179 The SCSI device on top of CAM
183 C include files for programming various
187 Include Files for various emulation layers
190 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
196 ISC utility library libisc include files
199 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
205 C include files for libmilter,
206 the sendmail mail filter API
208 machine-specific C include files
212 misc network C include files
220 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
224 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
228 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
230 kernel key-management service
240 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
242 Objective C include files
244 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
248 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
250 get a line from a user, with editing;
254 remote procedure calls;
258 definition of RPC service structures; see
264 system C include files (kernel data structures)
266 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
268 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
288 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
290 a.out archive libraries
292 shared libraries for compatibility
294 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
296 a.out backward compatibility libraries
301 misc. utility data files
303 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
305 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
309 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
315 various prebuilt lint libraries;
319 Character set conversion tables
321 holds the download firmware images
325 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
327 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
330 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
338 utilities and filters for LP print system;
348 restricted shell for sendmail;
358 local executables, libraries, etc.
361 the general layout sketched out by
365 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under
370 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
376 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
380 default destination directory for the
385 the general layout sketched out by
389 should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under
394 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
402 collection (optional).
404 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
406 architecture-independent files
408 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
410 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
418 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
420 words from Webster's 2nd International
430 various examples for users and programmers
432 ASCII text files used by various games
434 device description file for device name
436 internationalization databases; see
439 GNU Info hypertext system
443 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
451 macros for use with the me macro package;
455 misc system-wide ASCII text files
457 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
459 terminal characteristics database;
469 national language support files;
474 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
480 sendmail configuration files;
484 example . (dot) files for new accounts
489 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
497 console keyboard maps;
507 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
512 text processing macros;
518 localization support and utilities for
521 timezone configuration information;
528 third-party, and/or local source files
530 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa kerberos5/" -compact
532 source code for files in
535 source code for contributed software
537 source code for contributed cryptography software
539 source code for files in
542 source code for files in
545 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
547 source code for files in
550 source code for kerberos version 5
552 source code for files in
555 source code for files in
558 files required to produce a
562 source code for files in
565 build directory for files in
573 tools used for maintenance and testing of
576 source code for files in
579 source code for files in
584 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
586 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
588 system accounting files
590 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
592 execution accounting file;
598 timed command scheduling files;
602 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
604 directory containing job files
606 directory containing output spool files
612 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
621 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
629 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
631 empty directory used by
633 for privilege separation
635 misc. game status and score files
637 kerberos server databases; see
640 misc. system log files
642 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
652 system messages database;
656 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
661 filesystem quota information files
663 system information files describing various info about
664 system since it was booted
666 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
670 group for command connection sockets; see
673 database of current users;
686 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
688 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
690 undelivered submission mail queue;
696 the anonymous ftp root directory
698 undelivered mail queue;
702 line printer spooling directories
708 public uucp temporary directory
712 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
714 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
716 the directory where recovery files are stored
724 This manual page documents the default
726 filesystem layout, but
727 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
728 administrator's discretion.
729 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
744 manual page appeared in