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32 .\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd layout of filesystems
43 A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
44 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/"
46 root directory of the filesystem
48 user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
50 programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap
52 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact
54 default bootstrapping configuration files; see
57 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory
60 loadable kernel modules;
65 block and character device files
67 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact
69 file descriptor files;
74 system configuration files and scripts
76 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact
78 bluetooth configuration files
80 default system configuration files;
91 isdn4bsd configuration files;
95 local timezone information;
99 Sendmail control files
101 mtree configuration files;
105 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
108 scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via
113 ppp configuration files;
117 System and daemon startup/control scripts;
121 OpenSSH configuration files;
125 OpenSSL configuration files
127 Files relevant to system upgrades
129 uucp configuration files;
134 HOME directories of non-root users
136 empty directory commonly used by
137 system administrators as a temporary mount point
144 root's HOME directory
146 system programs and administration utilities
147 fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments
149 the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
152 temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots
154 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
156 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact
158 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
160 useful and semi-frivolous programs
162 standard C include files
164 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact
166 C include files for Internet service protocols
170 C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer
172 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact
174 The SCSI device on top of CAM
178 C include files for programming various
182 Include Files for various emulation layers
185 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact
191 ISC utility library libisc include files
194 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact
200 C include files for libmilter,
201 the sendmail mail filter API
203 machine-specific C include files
207 misc network C include files
215 C include files for Internet standard protocols;
219 C include files for Internet protocol version 6;
223 IPX/SPX protocol stacks
225 kernel key-management service
235 C include files for NFS (Network File System)
237 Objective C include files
239 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers
241 Packet Capture (libpcap) headers;
247 C include files for libprop
249 C include files for Berkeley service protocols
251 get a line from a user, with editing;
255 remote procedure calls;
259 definition of RPC service structures; see
265 system C include files (kernel data structures)
267 C include files for UFS (The U-word File System)
269 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact
289 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact
291 a.out archive libraries
293 shared libraries for compatibility
295 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact
297 a.out backward compatibility libraries
302 misc. utility data files
304 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact
306 files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.);
310 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact
316 various prebuilt lint libraries;
320 Character set conversion tables
322 holds the download firmware images
326 system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs)
328 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact
331 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact
339 utilities and filters for LP print system;
349 restricted shell for sendmail;
359 local executables, libraries, etc.
362 the general layout sketched out by
369 directory (directly under
374 .Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) ,
380 architecture-specific target tree produced by building the
384 default destination directory for the
389 the general layout sketched out by
396 directory (directly under
401 .Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) ,
409 collection (optional).
411 system daemons & system utilities (executed by users)
413 architecture-independent files
415 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact
417 a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
425 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact
427 words from Webster's 2nd International
437 various examples for users and programmers
439 ASCII text files used by various games
441 device description file for device name
443 internationalization databases; see
446 GNU Info hypertext system
450 libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files
458 macros for use with the me macro package;
462 misc system-wide ASCII text files
464 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact
466 terminal characteristics database;
476 national language support files;
481 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact
487 sendmail configuration files;
491 example . (dot) files for new accounts
496 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact
504 console keyboard maps;
514 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in
519 text processing macros;
525 localization support and utilities for
528 timezone configuration information;
535 third-party, and/or local source files
537 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact
539 source code for files in
542 source code for contributed software
544 source code for contributed cryptography software
546 source code for files in
549 source code for files in
552 Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License
554 source code for files in
557 source code for files in
560 source code for files in
563 files required to produce a
567 source code for files in
570 build directory for files in
578 tools used for maintenance and testing of
581 source code for files in
584 source code for files in
589 multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
591 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact
593 system accounting files
595 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact
597 execution accounting file;
603 timed command scheduling files;
607 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact
609 directory containing job files
611 directory containing output spool files
617 default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
626 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact
634 misc. automatically generated system-specific database files
636 empty directory used by
638 for privilege separation
640 misc. game status and score files
642 misc. system log files
644 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact
654 system messages database;
658 temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death
663 filesystem quota information files
665 system information files describing various info about
666 system since it was booted
668 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact
672 group for command connection sockets; see
675 database of current users;
688 misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
690 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact
692 undelivered submission mail queue;
696 undelivered mail queue;
702 the anonymous ftp root directory
704 undelivered mail queue;
708 line printer spooling directories
714 public uucp temporary directory
718 temporary files that are kept between system reboots
720 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact
722 the directory where recovery files are stored
730 This manual page documents the default
732 filesystem layout, but
733 the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
734 administrator's discretion.
735 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
750 manual page appeared in